Page 86 - Clinical Biochemistry 08PB804

• Infections
• Ischemia
• Polycystic kidney disease
3- Post-renal: all of the following result in obstruction of urinary outflow which in

returns lead to low filtration pressure at glomeruli
• Stones in bladder
• Tumors of bladder, cervix and prostate.

Clinical manifestations of ARF (Low GFR):
• Hyponatremia
• Hyperkalaemia
• Oliguria
• Anuria
• Metabolic acidosis
• Uremia

2- Chronic kidney disease (CKD)

Kidney damage for more than 3 months as defined by structural or functional abnormality of
the kidney.

Stages of Chronic Kidney Disease

GFR: The rate (volume per unit of time) at which ultra-filtrate is formed by the glomerulus.

Stage Description GFR (mL/min/1.73 m2)
1
Kidney damage with normal or ≥ 90
2 increased GFR

3 Kidney damage with mildly 60-89
4 decreased GFR
5
Moderately decreased GFR 30-59

Severely decreased GFR 15-29

Kidney Failure < 15

Causes of CKD
1-Chronic glomerulonephritis (10%)