Page 87 - Clinical Biochemistry 08PB804

It may be mediated by deposition of immune complexes in the glomeruli with subsequent
development of inflammatory response.

2-Metabolic diseases as Hypertension (25%), Diabetes (40%)

3-Urinary obstruction: Due to prostate hypertrophy, renal calculi, congenital abnormalities

4-Chronic pyelonephritis

It is chronic inflammation of renal parenchyma with scarring of kidney caused by recurrent
urine infection which may be secondary to urine outflow obstruction.

Clinical manifestations of CKD (Low GFR):

• Hyperkalaemia
• Polyuria
• Anemia
• Metabolic acidosis
• Uremia
Signs and Symptoms of Renal Failure:
• Symptoms of Uremia (nausea, vomiting, lethargy)
• Disorders of Micturition (frequency, nocturia, dysuria)
• Disorders of Urine volume (polyuria, oliguria, anuria)
• Alterations in urine composition (hematuria, proteinuria, bacteriuria, leukocyturia, calculi)
• Pain
• Edema (hypoalbuminemia, salt and water retention)

Diagnosis

1-Clinical diagnosis: Via physical examination

2-Laboratory diagnosis: Renal function tests

3-Graphical plots of GFR

4-Imaging procedures

• Ultrasonography: Look for signs of hydronephrosis
• Computed tomography (CT scan)
• Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)