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i Reading Structure New Edition TOEFL iBT i Reading

Chapter 10 Humanities

Diagnostic Test PART B _ Approaching Themes A study of how people process and document the human experience
Humanities
Related fields
History, Art, Literature, Religion, Music, Philosophy, Linguistics, Languages, etc.
실제 시험의 구성 및 난이도로 제작된 Diagnostic Test를 통하여 자신의 실력을 스스로 Diagnostic Test Reading Preview Reading Preview
점검할 수 있도록 하였으며, 이 결과에 따라 수준에 맞는 학습을 진행할 수 있도록 하였다. TOEFL Reading REVIEW HELP ? HIDE TIME BACK 00 : 19 : 35 NEXT 01 The phrase “ inherent to ” in the passage is 05 The word “ fluctuation ” in the passage is
closest in meaning to
closest in meaning to
(A) preferred by
SECTION EXIT
(A) activation
(B) inhospitable to (B) growth History – The Transcontinental Railroad | Intensive Drill 1 |
Passage 1 (C) essential for (C) resistance Chapter에 수록된 지문을 학습하기에 앞서, 각 지문의 주제에 대한 배경지식을 관련 사
ANIMAL COMMUNICATION (D) indigenous to (D) variation
A transcontinental railroad is a railroad route that crosses a continental landmass
1  Scientists have identified several distinct forms of communication animals use to either send or receive
information in their environments. These methods of communication inherent to various animals are genetic 02 According to paragraph 1, why have 06 According to paragraph 3, how do snakes with terminals at different oceans or continental borders. Transcontinental railroads
adaptations to specific environments, providing animals with necessary tools for survival and perpetuation animals developed distinct means of use thermal communication to locate prey? 진과 함께 제시하여, 타 시험에 비해 수준이 높은 TOEFL 지문 주제들에 대한 배경지식 helped open up unpopulated interior regions of continents to exploration and
of their species. communication?
(A) Facial organs allow them to detect a prey’s
(A) As a means of establishing territorial scent. settlement that would otherwise not have been possible. In the United States
2  Electro-communication, the ability to produce and receive electric signals, is a method of communication boundaries (B) Facial organs sense changes in
used by some aquatic species for courtship, and marking territorial boundaries, as well as a means of of America, a series of transcontinental railroads built over the last third of the
(B) As a response to other species’ genetic temperature of surrounding environments.
aggression and defense. Several species of fish are known for possessing an electric organ that gives them adaptations (C) Facial organs sense vibrations given off by 을 쉽게 이해할 수 있도록 하였다. nineteenth century created a nationwide transportation network that united the
the ability to create electric fields and receive electric signals by the means of electro receptors located (C) As a response to the primary need of their prey.
throughout their bodies. One of the most well-known examples is the electric eel, which is able to stun its finding a habitat (D) Facial organs produce heat to locate prey. country by rail.
predators and prey by generating electric shocks that may contain up to several hundred volts of electricity.
(D) As a means of ensuring the propagation of
their species
3  Another unique form of animal communication is referred to as thermal communication. Some species
have the ability to sense infrared radiation which allows them to detect prey even in total darkness. Although Paragraph 1 is marked with an arrow [  ]. 07 Which of the following can be inferred from
this physiological adaptation is most commonly seen in serpents such as rattlesnakes, boas and pythons, paragraph 3 about the ability to use thermal
other types of animals are also found to possess this ability including several species of beetles, vampire communication? Art – Mexican Muralism | Intensive Drill 2 |
bats and bed bugs. In the case of snakes, heat-sensitive pit organs in their face can detect and respond to (A) It is an ability restricted to reptile species.
03 The word “ their ” in the passage refers to
the slightest thermal fluctuation in the environment, allowing them to accurately measure the distance of (B) Animals can detect prey even if blind.
the heat source. Some snakes such as pit vipers are even known to detect potential prey at a distance of (A) electric fields (C) Facial pit organs are necessary for reptiles
about 1 meter and use their facial pit organs for orienting and striking towards it. (B) fish to detect heat. A mural is any artwork such as a painting or photograph applied directly to a wall
Chapter 01 Vocabulary
4  Seismic communication refers to the ability to detect vibrations emitted in a particular environment. (C) electric signals (D) The possible distance to locate prey is up or ceiling. Mexican muralism is the term used to describe the revival of large-scale
(D) receptors
to 1 meter.
Elephants demonstrate this ability through the strong rumbling sounds they produce, which are not only mural painting in Mexico starting in the 1920s. Muralism in Mexico is very famous for
transmitted through the air, but also through the ground. A Other elephants are able to pick up these Paragraph 3 is marked with an arrow [  ].
rumbling sounds in the ground and discern the location of elephants producing the vibrations. B Studies 04 All of the following is mentioned in conveying social and political messages as part of endeavors to reunify the country
have also shown that elephants can respond to seismic vibrations created by their environment. C paragraph 2 as a purpose of under the post-Mexican Revolution government. It embraced and elevated mural
Elephants are able to follow seismic vibrations to an area of rainfall when they search for water. D
electro-communication EXCEPT paintings in Mexico from a popular art form to a form of high art.
Vocabulary questions ask you to find the synonym
5 Echolocation is the ability of an animal to send out sound waves which hit objects and then bounce back (A) to designate territorial limits passage. In order to
as vibrations to the animal. Consequently, these allow animals to identify where objects are located in their of a word or phrase given in the
(B) to identify the location of prey
surroundings. Bats, toothed-whales and dolphins have all shown the ability to use echolocation. In the case (C) to acquire a mate
answer these questions, you need to understand the context or the situation of the passage. If you cannot find
of dolphins, they produce high-frequency clicks to echolocate objects nearby. In addition to determining the (D) to attack predators Intensive Drill
the perfect synonym, you need to find the vocabulary word choice with the most similar meaning to the given
PART A _ Question Types 14 www.linguaforum.com Diagnostic Test 15 Intensive Drill 1 www.linguaforum.com
shape and size of an object, this ability allows dolphins to determine the speed, distance, direction of travel
Paragraph 2 is marked with an arrow [  ].
and even some basic facts about the internal structure of objects in the water around them. This information
word or phrase. There are 3-5 Vocabulary questions for each passage. This question is worth 1 point.
is critical for dolphins to find food and navigate in dark or murky waters.
Answer Book p. A60
THE TRANSCONTINENTAL RAILROAD
(C) discontinued
(A) weighted
(B) necessary
How the Question is Worded 실제 TOEFL iBT에서 출제되는 주제별로 구성된 다양한 지문을 통해 충분히 독해 연습을 1 Before the middle of the nineteenth century, major trading centers only existed along America’s coastlines, 01 The word “ indispensable ” in the passage is closest in meaning to (D) impossible
in large port towns where much of the population was concentrated. However, as more settlers moved 02 All of the following are mentioned as major points along the first transcontinental railroad
The word/phrase “ ” in the passage is closest in meaning to westward, cities sprang up along the frontier, and new centers of trade began to open in the interior of the in paragraph 2 EXCEPT (B) Utah (C) California (D) Washington
(A) Nebraska
Keys to Solution Keys to Solution 할 수 있도록 하였다. 각 Chapter에 3개의 세트가 수록되어 있다. westward expansion. The construction of canals helped, but they were limited in the amount of goods they 03 In paragraph 3, what does the author imply about the West during the Civil War?
United States. Unfortunately, the development of effective overland transportation lagged behind this rapid
could transport and did not extend past the Mississippi River. In order to solve this problem, it was determined
that a major railroad system into the West would be indispensable . By 1828, some short rail lines had already
110 PART B Approaching Themesconnect major cities within the same region, like New
(B) Most of the fighting happened there.
been constructed, though they were designed only to (A) It did not play a large role in the conflict.
Key 1 Remember that the Vocabulary question asks for the meaning of a word as it is used in the context. Even York and Boston. Several companies had provided railroads as far as Indiana and Missouri by the middle of (C) It had the strongest military power.
if you know the dictionary definition of the word in the question, be sure to check the context. to California.
(D) It surrendered early in the war.
the century, but pressure was mounting to construct a railway that would lead all the way from the East Coast
각 문제 유형의 문제 풀이 전략을 상세하게 학습할 수 있다. Key 2 Examine its context for helpful clues if you do not know the dictionary definition of the word or phrase. 2 Such a feat required cooperation between the federal government and private companies. Several projects 04 Look at the four squares [▒] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the
passage.
The common clues you can use in Vocabulary questions are: took shape in the 1840s, when surveyors began to plot different competing routes from Mid- American railroad Thus, expansion of the rail system could hardly be justified. PART B CH 10
stations to territories in the West, such as Oregon and California. To resolve these differences and devise
a plan for an official railroad, the government conducted its own study, the Pacific Railroad Survey, which
Where would the sentence best fit?
compared all of the potential routes. The government decided to provide funding for a railroad that ran from (A) A (B) B (C) C (D) D
+ Definition, Restatement Clues Nebraska to Utah, where it would meet up with a second railway that would be built from Utah to California.
In previous times, the primary mode of psychiatric treatment was therapy , in which the patient was Two companies were commissioned by the government to build the railroads: the Union Pacific Company 05 Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the
would build the eastern half, while the Central Pacific Company would build the western section. summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage.
encouraged to talk about and examine his or her emotional problems.
3 Construction began in 1862, but the outbreak of the Civil War slowed progress considerably on the Union Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in
the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points.
Pacific line when workers were called away to serve in the army. However, workers further west on the Central
+ Synonym Clues Pacific were able to continue construction in Utah and California. For this reason, the Central Pacific Railroad The first transcontinental railroad built in the U.S. took a massive cooperative effort between the
government and private companies.
Red wolves once roamed freely throughout the southern United States. Then came settlers who cleared
advanced far more quickly than the Union Pacific. A compromise was made to extend the Central Pacific
further to the east, to make up for the time lost building the Union Pacific line. The lines finally met one another (A) The government conducted a study called the Pacific Railroad Survey to compare all the potential
the land for homes and farms, greatly reducing the wolves’ habitat . in 1869, at the newly determined junction in Promontory, Utah. A The transcontinental railroad was completed (B) Due to the Civil War, the Central Pacific had to make up the construction which originally belonged TOEFL iBT i Reading
railroad routes and devise the best route across the country.
before there was substantial need for its services. B In the early years, one train a week was all it took to
to the Union Pacific.
+ Example, Restatement Clues deliver all the supplies needed by settlers in the West. C However, as settlements in the West expanded, so (C) The government commissioned two companies, the Union Pacific and Central Pacific, to build the
did the railroad. By the 1880s, new rail lines ran the entire length of the West Coast, from Washington state
two major sections of the railroad.
The developed countries help build infrastructure for residents in poorer countries, by constructing Mini Test in the north to Los Angeles in the south. D (D) Although the transcontinental railroad was completed in 1869, it was much later when the railroad
proved its worth, due to slow population growth in many western regions.
schools, sewage disposal plants, and roads. Mini Test 1 (E) Early railroads were so short that they only served to connect major cities on the eastern seaboard,
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such as Boston and New York.
(F) Before the transcontinental railroad was built, goods were transported mainly through canals which
+ Contrast, Antonym Clues extended past the Mississippi River. Answer Book p. A66
Psychiatric drugs originally intended to treat serious mental disorders are being used to address 114 PART B Approaching Themes 01 The word “ remnants ” in the passage is closest in meaning to Chapter 10 Humanities 115
CHARLEMAGNE AND THE HOLY ROMAN EMPIRE
more trivial issues. Intensive Drill보다 난이도가 높은 지문을 통해 여러 가지 문제 유형을 골고루 접하고 1 By the fifth century A.D., the Roman Empire, once the largest and most powerful on Earth, had finally (A) enemies (B) rulers (C) remains (D) members
+ Inference Clues collapsed after years of fighting with Germanic tribes from the north of Europe. The remnants of the once 02 According to paragraph 1, who was responsible for the fall of the Roman Empire?
Sample Question The program was canceled after the reporters were found guilty of unethically using a number of TOEFL iBT를 학습할 기회를 마련하였다. 각 Chapter에 2개의 세트가 수록되어 있다. in central and western Europe, a new superpower was rising to prominence: the Frankish kingdom, which (C) The Catholic Church (D) The Frankish kingdom
mighty Roman Empire lay to the east, in Constantinople, the royal seat of the Byzantine Empire. Meanwhile,
(B) The Germanic tribes
(A) The Byzantine Empire
included several of the independent Germanic tribes that had aided in the overthrow of the Western Roman
methods to get their information.
Empire. Within 100 years of the Romans’ defeat, the Frankish kingdom expanded to include much of eastern
and central Europe. Under their legendary king Charlemagne, the Franks rose to such prominence in the 03 The word “ them ” in the passage refers to
(A) nobles (B) crimes (C) hopes (D) rebels
region that a weakened Rome, now little more than a religious center, would appeal to them in an effort to
reestablish the former glory of the Roman Empire.
04 Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted
예시 문제를 통해 문제 풀이 전략을 구체적으로 활용해 보고 연습할 수 있다. Sample Question honor was traditionally left to the Byzantines, but infighting among the ruling elites there led to instability, and out essential information.
2
Several factors led to the Franks, under Charlemagne, becoming the protectors of the Roman Empire. This
sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave
the Romans lost confidence in their ability to defend the Pope and the Catholic Church. At the same time, (A) In a second meeting with Roman nobles, Charlemagne was convinced that the rebels who
attacked the Pope were innocent.
around 799 A.D., Pope Leo III was having trouble with his own country as well. The Roman nobles were PART B CH 10
(B) Charlemagne traveled to Rome to meet with opponents and supporters of the Pope to argue
Key 2
intent upon taking his title, for the simple reason that Leo was of peasant birth. They laid accusations of an
for his innocence.
26 PART A Question Types Examine its context array of crimes against the Pope in the hopes that at least one of them would lead to a conviction and force (C) Attacks on the Pope led the Roman nobles to agree with Charlemagne and declare Leo III innocent
A lion pride will typically have one to six mature males. Marked by their
famous manes, mature males are easily recognizable. The males will rule for helpful clues. Only adult him from power. The tension led to a vicious physical attack on the Pope, in which rebels attempted to gouge (D) The second time Charlemagne met with the Roman nobles, they agreed to acknowledge the
of all charges.
PART A CH 01
over a group of females that is nearly always more numerous than the (= mature ) male lions have out his eyes and cut off his tongue. Leo fled to Paderborn, a city within the Frankish kingdom, where he met Pope’s innocence and end their attacks.
Charlemagne for the first time.
group of males. Male lions display little interest in their cubs in the first manes.
3 Having accepted Christianity as the state religion some time back, the Franks gladly took the Pope in. Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete
year of their lives. As the male cubs approach sexual maturity, however, Charlemagne resolved to help him, and called a meeting with his enemies to try to quell the violent opposition. 05 the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the
the older males become more aggressive and hostile toward them. At the When the talks fell apart, Charlemagne traveled to Rome in person, along with the Pope, to see that the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not
presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points.
uprising was stopped. He met again with supporters and opponents of the Pope to discuss the situation,
age of two, the male cubs are expelled from the pride by the older males
but this time, he was able to sway the committee of friends and enemies to cease attacks on the Pope and Charlemagne, King of the Franks, forged an alliance with the Catholic Church that expanded
so that they will not become rivals for the females. allow him to officially declare his innocence of all the charges falsely brought against him by the nobles. His Roman influence in the West.
enemies were thus exiled, and Leo was pardoned. TOEFL iBT i Reading
(A) The seat of the Roman Empire moved to Constantinople in the east after the Western Roman
Empire fell to invaders.
4 While still in Rome, Charlemagne attended Christmas Mass at the Vatican, at the Pope’s request. As he
(B) Pope Leo III faced violent opposition from Roman nobles who sought to ruin his name and strip
knelt down to pray, the Pope placed a crown on his head, officially making him Emperor of the Romans. For him of his position.
iBT Practice iBT Practice (D) Charlemagne was able to influence the nobles to stop their rebellion against the Pope, bringing
The word “ mature ” in the passage is closest in meaning to the Pope, the act served to thank Charlemagne for his defense and to increase the influence of the Catholic (C) The Frankish kingdom formed out of an alliance between several German tribes and grew to be
a powerful force in Europe.
Church across the vast Frankish territory. Charlemagne, meanwhile, seized upon the opportunity to renew
the Roman Empire under the rule of the Franks. This did not become official until two centuries later, when a
peace to Rome again.
(A) dominant portion of the Frankish lands was renamed the Holy Roman Empire, an institution that would persist for nearly (E) The Byzantine Empire had grown unstable due to fighting between members of the government.
(F) The Pope made Charlemagne the Emperor of the Roman Empire to thank him and expand the
a thousand years.
(B) aggressive rule for the six months of summer and the Winter People would rule for the six months of winter. To offset

influence of the Catholic Church across the Frankish Kingdom.
TOEFL Reading REVIEW HELP BACK NEXT the political discrepancy such an arrangement could potentially cause, the community also has numerous
Chapter 10 Humanities 121
(C) fertile 120 PART B Approaching Themes ? HIDE TIME 00 : 19 : 35 smaller groups that are in charge of hunting, medicine, ceremonial rituals, and other such activities. These
SECTION EXIT
(D) adult 실제 TOEFL iBT에서 자주 출제되는 주제의 지문을 실전과 동일한 길이와 문제로 구성 secondary groups operate throughout the year and consist of members from both moieties. This unites
members of both moieties and limits the power of the ruling moiety, maintaining peace between the two.
CULTURE OF THE PUEBLO PEOPLES 5 Ceremonial practices are also an important part of the Eastern Pueblo culture, though there are significant
differences from those of the Western Pueblo. Individual Eastern Pueblo communities have far fewer
Basic Drill Answer & Explanations Answer Book p. A2 하여, 실전 감각을 키울 수 있도록 하였다. 1  In the southwestern region of the United States reside several tribes of Native Americans known as the places of worship than the Western Pueblo have. Furthermore, the kachina cults have little influence among
the Eastern Pueblo, and in some communities they are not present at all. The ceremonies also differ in
Pueblo peoples, who derive their name from the fact that their ancestors lived in pueblos that traditionally
(D)
their focus. Due to their location, these tribes do not feel the need to focus primarily on weather-centric
consisted mostly of houses made from mud-bricks and straw. While they originally descended from a single
ceremonies for assistance with growing crops. Instead, their ceremonies traditionally place more emphasis
Find the helpful clues from the supportive sentences near the target vocabulary. You can find an inference clue in the
ancestral group thousands of years ago, the Pueblo peoples gradually fragmented into different tribes,
Basic Drill
following sentence: “Marked by their famous manes, mature males are easily recognizable.” You can infer the meaning TOEFL iBT i Reading each with a distinct culture. The cultures of these tribes were further altered by the Spanish , who took over on activities that are considered more masculine, particularly hunting, at least for part of the year. The
various tribes emphasize different concerns, like hunting and farming, to different degrees and at different
the Pueblos’ territory in the seventeenth century and transformed Pueblo life in ways which can still be
times, a noticeable distinction from the singular focus of the Western Pueblo ceremonial practices.
seen today. Despite the numerous developments throughout their long history, the Pueblo peoples have
각 문제 유형에 필요한 기초 스킬을 익히고 난 후, 단문 길이의 지문 및 문제를 통해 각 of the word mature is “grown-up” or “adult” because only adult male lions have manes. Recurring distinctions in both social structure and ceremonial practices allow researchers to divide modern
maintained many core features of their cultures, in particular their social structure and ceremonial practices.
Pueblo peoples into two basic categories: the Western Pueblo and the Eastern Pueblo.
2  The Western Pueblo tribes reside in the deserts of northern Arizona and western New Mexico. The 01 Why does the author mention “ the 03 The word “ their ” in the passage refers to PART B CH 10
Western Pueblo tribes all feature a similar social organization based around the clan, the central social Spanish ” in the passage? (A) children (B) families
문제 유형을 집중적으로 연습할 수 있다. 01 unit in these societies. These clans are large families that trace their ancestry through the mother’s side of (A) To illustrate the far-reaching influence of (C) clans (D) members
the family. Upon marriage, a man will live with his wife’s mother, and the couple’s children belong to their
the Pueblo
mother’s clan. There are rigid rules about whom people can and cannot marry, as tribe members must
(B) To discuss how the Pueblo split into many
marry outside of their particular clans. In this social structure, women own the farming property and have a
in meaning to
good deal of social power. All other organizations such as business in a tribe are owned and operated by tribes 04 The word “ rigid ” in the passage is closest
(C) To show the amazing resilience of Pueblo
Epic poems are long stories, told in rhymed verses, which usually tell of a war or the adventures of a great individual clans. culture (A) lenient (B) innumerable
(D) To help explain changes in Pueblo culture (C) strict (D) trivial
hero. They were one of the major forms of literature in the ancient world. In fact, epic poems probably 3 Besides the organization of communities by clan membership, the other distinctive feature of the Western
Pueblos is their set of ceremonial practices. While influenced by the introduction of Christianity, the Western
predate writing, because they were originally recited orally, and were only written down much later. The oldest Pueblo have retained most of their traditional religious practices, at the center of which lies the kachina 02 According to paragraph 1, the Pueblo 05 According to paragraph 2, the basic
cult. A Originally, the kachina cult attempted to communicate with spirits that could bestow good fortune received their name from social unit of the Western Pueblo is
known epic poem is the Sumerian Epic of Gilgamesh. As with many epics, its author is anonymous because upon the tribe, particularly in the form of greater rainfall. B This was important because farming in such arid (A) their family structure (A) the village
it was passed down orally for generations before it was written down. Therefore, an epic poem is often best regions is difficult, since adequate rainfall is rare and unpredictable. C An important part of these ceremonies (B) their geographical location (B) the family
involves the men dressing up as the spirits they pray to and playing the role of these characters. D This (C) their mode of housing (C) the clan TOEFL iBT i Reading
viewed as the work of a culture rather than of a single author. practice is fundamental to the Western Pueblo peoples, as evidenced by the fact that many communities (D) their religious beliefs (D) the tribe
have myriad places of worship.
Paragraph 1 is marked with an arrow [  ]. Paragraph 2 is marked with an arrow [  ].
4  The Eastern Pueblo, who are primarily located in the valley along the Rio Grande River in New Mexico,
The word “ anonymous ” in the passage is closest in meaning to have different social structures and ceremonial practices from their western counterparts. First, the Eastern
Pueblo do not strictly adhere to a clan system, so clans do not play as critical a social role as they do in
(A) renowned the Western Pueblo society. Lineage is usually traced along both the mother’s and father’s families, with
members from both groups living among an extended family. Second, most Eastern Pueblos are divided
into two moieties, or central social groups: the Summer People and the Winter People. These terms come
(B) unknown Actual Test from a traditional method of sharing power in the Eastern Pueblo societies: the Summer People would
(C) fortunate 124 PART B Approaching Themes Chapter 10 Humanities 125
(D) apparent
Reading Practice Reading Practice www.linguaforum.com 2회분의 Actual Test를 수록하여, 실전에서의 자신의 예상 점수를 가늠해 보고 실전 적 Actual Test 1
02 Chapter 01 Vocabulary 29 Answer Book p. A5 the paintings are extremely, almost perfectly accurate in their depiction of people and objects, a feat that
|Vocabulary | TOEFL Reading REVIEW HELP BACK NEXT would have been practically impossible to accomplish using only the naked eye. D The camera obscura
AGE OF THE EARTH 01 The word “ Nevertheless ” in the passage is closest in meaning to PART A CH 01 응력을 높일 수 있도록 하였다. ? was useful for artists like Vermeer to frame a scene with a complex three-dimensional space into a
Rocks can essentially be classified into three types according to how they are formed. Sedimentary rock,
실제 TOEFL iBT에서 출제되는 다양한 주제의 독해 지문들을 통해 본격적으로 독해 연 1 Calculating the age of the Earth has been a problem that philosophers, scientists, and historians have been (A) Otherwise SECTION EXIT HIDE TIME 00 : 19 : 35 two-dimensional image. He further pointed out that the accurate portrayal of three-dimensional space
such as limestone, is formed from small particles that have worn away . As these particles pile up, the
through perspective in Vermeer’s work does not necessarily coincide with the knowledge of perspective that
pressure compacts them to form solid layers. A second type, metamorphic rock, refers to rock that has
(C) Finally
tackling for ages. Before the advent of modern-day radiometric dating, pinpointing the age of the Earth was (B) However Passage 1 CAMERA OBSCURA most artists at the time possessed, and such technique would have been hard to achieve even if Vermeer
had acquired a superior knowledge of perspective over time. As a result, he concludes that Vermeer would
changed its chemical and physical composition due to intense heat and pressure. Marble and slate are
open to great interpretation. (D) Consequently have employed the camera obscura to achieve his almost mathematically precise accuracy in perspective,
습을 해 볼 수 있다. 2 Though many had put an age to the Earth, the first to employ a scientific approach was Lord Kelvin in the |Vocabulary | 1  Camera obscura is a Latin term that means “dark chamber,” generally referring to a dark room that only as evident in his work. Ultimately, since it is impossible to scientifically test whether all the paintings from the
common examples of metamorphic rock. The third type is igneous rock, which is formed through an
late Renaissance period did in fact use the camera obscura or other mechanical devices during the process
has a tiny amount of light let in through a small pinhole. As sunlight enters the room through the miniscule
of the artwork creation, the possibility of its use in art is still hotly debated among art historians today.
nineteenth century. His estimate of 100 million years was based on his calculations of heat transfer within the 02 The word “ proposed ” in the passage is closest in meaning to pinhole, an image is created on the opposite wall of the room. Although the image would be a scene from
exothermic reaction, the loss of heat. A common example is basalt, which is formed when molten lava cools.
Earth and from the Sun to the Earth. However, the mathematical model he developed did not include nuclear (A) suggested whatever is outside the room, the image would be reflected upside down on the wall. The original concept
of the camera obscura dates back as far as 400 B.C.E. when Chinese philosopher Mozi was the first in
(B) objected to
fusion, which creates the heat in the Sun, or plate tectonics — scientific discoveries that were not made until (C) persisted in history to mention the basic scientific principles of the camera after he noticed light entering a room
much later. Nevertheless , though his estimate was incorrect, it is recognized as one of the first to employ the (D) finished through a small pinhole. Subsequent writings by the ancient Greek philosopher Aristotle detail how he
The phrase “ worn away ” in the passage is closest in meaning to
scientific method in determining the age of the Earth. perceived this phenomenon by describing the passage of light through a small hole into a room during an 01 The word “ luminous ” in the passage is 04 Which of the sentences below best
closest in meaning to expresses the essential information in the
eclipse. During the late Renaissance period, special rooms were designed for the public to experience this
(A) eroded |Vocabulary | phenomenon by viewing luminous images of the outside world as they were reflected onto a wall. In the highlighted sentence in the passage?
3 In 1899, Irish physicist John Joly proposed using the salinity of the world’s oceans to calculate the age of the late sixteenth century, Italian artists developed this practice even further by shrinking down the large room (A) bright (B) sizeable Incorrect answer choices change the
ocean, and by extension, the age of the Eart 03 The phrase “ most compelling ” in the passage is closest in meaning to used for viewing into a small portable box and replacing the pinhole with a lens. (C) beautiful (D) shrunken meaning in important ways or leave out
(B) compressedh. Theorizing that the salt in the ocean must have come from the
erosion of the land into the sea, he proposed that the ocean’s age could be calculated by knowing the amount (A) most dangerous essential information.
(C) stuck together
(B) easiest
of salt that is added each year. Using this approach, Joly calculated the age of the world’s oceans to be (C) strongest 2  However, it was not until the sixteenth century that the camera obscura became an invaluable tool for 02 All of the following are mentioned in (A) The development of the modern camera was
(D) heated up
between 80 to 100 million years. Though accepted as the most compelling idea at first, his approach was (D) most unexpected late Renaissance artists who used it to produce drawings and artwork with new perspective and detail. paragraph 1 EXCEPT: made possible by focusing on perfecting the
As artists during this period began to perfect the use of the camera obscura to produce what would go on
soon criticized for being inaccurate. However, his idea of measuring elements of matter on the Earth drove to be considered masterpieces, its further development would even lead to the basis and foundation of (A) The reflected image created by the camera composition of what was thought to be a
masterpiece in the Renaissance.
obscura is upside down.
him and other scientists to consider new possibilities. |Reference | the modern camera and photography. Its popularity in the artistic community at the time grew to the point (B) During the Renaissance period, the public (B) Artists during this time mastered the use of
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04 The word “ this ” in the passage refers to where, as significant evidence now suggests. Many famous painters in the past actually used the camera viewed images from the camera obscura in the camera obscura to raise the quality of
4 With the discovery of radiation in 1896, scientists began to devise ever more accurate means of measurement. (A) Holmes’ discovery obscura to project images of nature or people from outside, which were then traced in detail onto the rooms. their artworks to that of masterpieces.
In 1913, British geologist Arthur Holmes developed a method to measure the age of minerals using radiometric (B) radiometric dating opposite wall in the room. (C) Late Renaissance Italian artists developed (C) During this time, artists improved the use
(C) age of the Earth of the camera obscura for great works of
dating. His initial estimates put the Earth’s age at around 1.6 billion years. Yet as he refined his method, his 3  One such famous seventeenth century Dutch painter who is thought to have employed such techniques a portable version of the camera obscura.
(D) universe (D) Aristotle was the first scientist to coin the art, which later contributed to the concepts
estimate of the Earth’s age continued to grow. is Johannes Vermeer. Critics from as early as the 1800s have long suspected that Vermeer used some term camera obscura. of contemporary photography.
|Factual Information | Vocab Quiz kind of mechanical device, complete with either a mirror or a lens, in creating his paintings. After decades Paragraph 1 is marked with an arrow [  ]. (D) The use of the camera obscura during this
of debate, some art historians firmly believe this device was none other than the camera obscura. Although
5 Since Holmes’ discovery, scientists have developed and refined the technique of radiometric dating to a great period was essential to create what were
degree. Today, radiometric dating has put the age of the Earth to be 4.56 billion years. But this is still much 05 According to the passage, which of the following is true of John Joly? there is no tangible historical evidence that he did in fact use the camera obscura, several renowned art recognized as superior works of art.
historians have pointed to irregularities of compositional elements in his work, one such historian being
in the passage is closest in meaning to
The word
younger than the universe, which is estimated to have come into being 13.7 billion years ago. (A) He developed the theory of radiometric dating. 03 The word “ invaluable ” in the passage is
(B) He was the first to use the scientific method in calculating the age of the Earth. Charles Seymour, who was the first to actually test out the theory that Vermeer used the camera obscura in closest in meaning to
(C) He failed to include nuclear fusion in his theory. his work. He did this by observing objects that commonly appear in Vermeer’s paintings through the camera 05 The word “ project ” in the passage is
01 major negligible main varied obscura, using similar lighting conditions to those of the paintings, and noticed that the resulting images (A) modern (B) precious closest in meaning to
(D) He calculated the ocean’s age to determine the age of the Earth.
were practically identical to the images in Vermeer’s paintings. (C) affordable (D) valueless
02 common unique notable typical (A) display (B) paint
(C) describe
(D) narrate
4  A However, the most prominent art historian to push forward the claim that artists like Vermeer used the
camera obscura is David Hockney. B He postulated that artists, starting in the Renaissance period of the
fifteenth century, traced optical images projected onto a wall and that these images would form the basis of
30 PART A Question Types the realistic qualities of paintings at that time. C Hockney’s main critique of paintings from this period is that
34 PART A Question Types Chapter 01 Vocabulary 35 210 www.linguaforum.com Actual Test 1 211
6 www.linguaforum.com i Reading Structure 7