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Semeru
Semeru, or Mount Semeru (Indonesian: Gunung Semeru), is an active volcano in East Java,
Indonesia. It is located in a subduction zone, where the Indo-Australian plate subducts
under the Eurasia plate. [2] It is the highest mountain on the island of Java. The name
"Semeru" is derived from Meru, the central world mountain in Hinduism, or Sumeru, the
abode of gods. This stratovolcano is also known as Mahameru, meaning "The Great
Mountain" in Sanskrit. Mount Semeru is one of the most popular hiking destinations in
Indonesia. Semeru rises steeply above the coastal plains of eastern Java. Maars containing
crater lakes have formed along a line through the summit of the volcano. It was formed
south of the overlapping Ajek-ajek and Jambagan calderas. The eruptive products are
andesitic. Semeru lies at the south end of the Tengger Volcanic Complex. Semeru's eruptive
history is extensive. Since 1818, at least 55 eruptions have been recorded (11 of which
resulted in fatalities) consisting of both lava flows and pyroclastic flows. All historical
eruptions have had a Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI) of 2 or 3. Semeru has been in a state
of near-constant eruption from 1967 to the present. Semeru is regularly climbed by tourists,
usually starting from the village of Ranu Pane to the north, but though non-technical, it can
be dangerous. Soe Hok Gie, an Indonesian political activist of the 1960s, died in 1969 from
inhaling poisonous gases while hiking on Mount Semeru. Semeru is named after Sumeru,
the central world-mountain in Hinduism. As stated in legend, it was transplanted from
India; the tale is recorded in the 15th-century East Javanese work Tantu Pagelaran. It was
originally placed in the western part of the island, but that caused the island to tip, so it was
moved eastward. On that journey, parts kept coming off the lower rim, forming the
mountains Lawu, Wilis, Kelud, Kawi, Arjuno and Welirang. The damage thus caused to the
foot of the mountain caused it to shake, and the top came off and created Penanggungan as
well. Indonesian Hindus also hold a belief that the mountain is the abode of Shiva in Java.
On 4 December 2021, Semeru erupted for a second time in the year the first having been on
16th January 2021. Semeru erupted a third time on 6 December 2021. At least 34 people
have been killed in the December eruption, while 22 people are missing. 89 people in total
suffered burns caused by the eruption.
25 non-native plants have been found in Mount Semeru National Park. The non-native
plants, which threaten the endemic local plants, were imported by Dutch botanist Van
Steenis, in the colonial era. They include Foeniculum vulgare, Verbena brasiliensis,
Chromolaena odorata, and Salvinia molesta. Mud erosion from surrounding vegetable
plantations is adding silt to Ranu Pani Lake, causing the lake to gradually shrink. Research
has predicted that the lake will disappear by about 2025, unless the vegetable plantations
on the hillsides are replaced with more ecologically sustainable perennials.

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