Page 5 - Testing UTS

424 Markus and Kitayama

Outgroup
Ingroup Stranger

Friend

Friend
x x x x
x x
x x
Self x
x
x x
x x x x
Brother
Mother

Stranger

Independent Self-schema

Outgroup
Ingroup Stranger

Friend
Friend
x x
x
Self
x x
x
x
Mother Brother

Stranger

Interdependent Self-schema

Fig. 2. Independent and interdependent self-schemas. Figure adapted from Markus and
Kitayama (1991) and Heine (2008).

as referents for action. The lines delineating the self and others Further, the line that separates ingroup and outgroup is drawn
are dotted (those delineating the independent self-schema are with a solid line to indicate that the ingroup–outgroup distinc-
solid), and they represent the idea that the self includes others. tion is significant and that people do not move easily across this

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