Page 31 - Practical Handout bio 2 mnu 2025_Neat
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Level two – Semester 4 - PharmD Biochemistry-II PB-403 (Practical course) 2024/2025
1. Volume
Normal urine output 1-2 L/day
Polyuria Volume > 2 L / day
Oligouria Volume < 1 L / day
Anuria No urine output
Factors affecting urinary output:
❖ A high protein diet increases
a) Diet urea and so increases urine output.
❖ Xanthine beverages: polyuria
b) High fluid intake polyuria
Winter Summer
c) Temperature
↓ perspiration ↑ perspiration
causing polyuria. causing oliguria.
d) Pathological cases Diabetes mellitus causes polyuria
e) Drugs Diuretics: polyuria
2. Odor
faint aromatic odor due to the presence of
Normal Fresh
volatile organic acids.
urine
On standing urea bacteria ammonia odor
Ripe apple-
presence of acetone in diabetes mellitus.
Odor like odor
changes due to the presence of pus cells and
Very bad
epithelial cells in bilharziasis or renal
odor
inflammation.
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