Page 33 - Practical Handout bio 2 mnu 2025_Neat
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Level two – Semester 4 - PharmD Biochemistry-II PB-403 (Practical course) 2024/2025
5. pH
Fresh normal urine slightly acidic (5.7 – 6.8)
pH becomes alkaline due to the production of
After time
ammonia by bacterial action
Factors affecting pH:
❖ Acid ash diet (diet its metabolic end
product is acid) produces acidic urine.
❖ Vegetables and fruits containing large
a) Diet
amounts of sodium citrate, Na is
excreted in urine as NaHCO 3 making
the urine alkaline.
❖ Respiratory or metabolic acidosis
b) Pathological produces acidic urine.
factors ❖ Respiratory or metabolic alkalosis
produces alkaline urine.
6. Specific gravity
Normal urine specific
1.005 – 1.030
gravity:
Accurate reading = Rough reading + −20
3∗1000
T is room temperature
Factors affecting the specific gravity of urine:
Protein in the diet increases specific gravity
a) Diet
due to urea formation.
0
b) Ambient each 3 C increase in temp increases specific
temperature gravity by 1 unit.
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