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Level two – Semester 4 - PharmD      Biochemistry-II PB-403 (Practical course)     2024/2025


                       B) Pathological constituents in urine:


                             1.  Albumin


                                           It is the presence of a detectable amount of albumin
                      Albuminuria
                                           in the urine.

                          Causes           Kidney diseases.

                                           1- Hypoalbuminemia.
                       Characters
                                           2- Edema.

                                           Albumin and treatment of  the underlying cause of
                        Treatment
                                           albuminuria











                    Test for albumin

                       in the urine







                                           Heat coagulation test.




                             2.  Glucose


                                  It is the presence of detectable amounts of glucose in
                   Glucosuria
                                  urine.

                                  1- Diabetes mellitus.

                                  2- Excessive sweets in diet.

                                  3- Renal diabetes (renal threshold of glucose is lower
                     Causes
                                  than 180 mg/ dL).

                                  N.B:  Renal  threshold:  maximum  capacity  of  renal

                                  tubules to reabsorb certain substance





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