Page 41 - Practical Handout bio 2 mnu 2025_Neat

Level two – Semester 4 - PharmD Biochemistry-II PB-403 (Practical course) 2024/2025

5. Bile a normal secretion of the gall bladder

Composition

Bile salts: Bile pigments

+
+
Na and k salts of bile acids bilirubin & biliverdin
(glycocholic and taurocholic acids).

+2
Function: They act as surfactants or Source: Hb (Fe ) upon oxidation
+3
emulsifiers which help in the becomes metHb (Fe ) which
absorption of fat. undergoes degradation into

biliverdin (green) which is

reduced into bilirubin (orange-

red).

Test: Hay s sulfur test Test: Modified Gmelin's test
’

6. Nitrites & Leukocyte esterase

Urinary tract infection (UTI)

Many types of bacteria reduce a normal chemical in urine,

Causes called nitrates, into another chemical, called nitrites.

The presence of leukocyte esterase indicates the presence of

leukocytes.

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