Page 573 - Makino,Tsutusi.DictionaryOfIntermediateJGrammar

tokade 499
(d) gp t< L hLCW
7':
x- &fl$,-82>~ 2 *T, ~@k0 B$&o? 4% b&?l -?df)i:G-~
7':
- I v17 tv il
(The 4th-year Japanese class has been cancelled for some reason like
the enrollment was low.)
P7C/uKL if
(e) ii$fii~~~~i:k&~*~: 2 2>~, &BKS~Z w:~
(Tamura was arrested by the police allegedly because he happened to
be at the scene of the murder or something like that.)

1. The particle toka de is used to give an unconfirmed reason for a given
action or state. The particle consists of the quotation marker to and the
question marker ka and the particle of cause / reason de.
(+ to3 (DBJG: 478-80); ka2 (DBJG. 166-68); de3 (DBJG: 107-09))
2. Since toka de is used to express what the speaker / writer has heard
from someone as a reason for an action / state, the subject cannot be the
speaker 1 writer himself.
(1) {73>/**L/*&*t~l ii&gs&&2*~%fii:q?*&b~~
(John / *I / *You will not go see the movie, saying something
like he has things to do.)

Toka de and kara /node are crucially different in that the former is used to
reason / cause have nothing to do with hearsay. Therefore in (1) above kara / -
express an uncertain hearsay reason; whereas the latter two conjunctions for
=+
z-
node can be used regardless of the person (i.e., the first person or the third ~4
person) of the subject, as shown in [I].
[l] (73 > /a/ &&t;) biBPfl&& {A3% / DT) %@i:6*,-8b~o
(cf. (1))
(Because {John has /I have / you have) work to do he / I / you
won't go see a movie.)
(+ kara3 (DBJG: 179-81); node (DBJG: 328-31))