Page 659 - Understanding Psychology

Index
Asian Americans: stereotypes about, 530; in U.S. population, 22
assimilation, 71
assisted suicide, 148
association, memory and, 287–88 asthma: biofeedback and (case study),
196; stress and, 426
asynchrony, 96
attachment, 76, 315
attention: diverted, 467; selective, c501 attentive process, 213
attitude change: cognitive consis- tency and, 584; compliance and, 583; identification and, 583–84; internal- ization and, 584
attitude formation: classical condi- tioning and, 578, c578; cognitive evaluation and, 578–79; conditioning and, 578; culture and, 579; exposure effect, 579; parents and, 579; peers and, 579–80
attitudes: actions and, 585–87; adoles- cents’ sexual, 98–99; about aging, 138; change in. See attitude change; as cognitive guidelines, 580; defined, 577; formation of. See attitude forma- tion; functions of, 580–81; as guides to action, 580–81; learning, p579; as self-defining mechanism, 580
attribution theory, 530–31
auditory nerve: defined, 218; hearing
and, 219
authority, obedience to, 558–62 autism: infantile, 466; schizophrenia
and, 466
autonomic nervous system (ANS), p156, 158
autonomy, 437
aversive conditioning, 504 aversive control, 256–58; aversive
stimuli, crt258; defined, 256; negative reinforcement, 256–57; punishment, 257–58
avoidance conditioning, 257
axon, 157, c157
axon terminal, 157, c157; antidepres-
sants’ effect on, 508 Ayurveda, 423
B
babies: brain cells of (reading), 270–71; stimulation and, 12; what they see, q61. See also infants
Babinski reflex, 62 balance theory, c585
barbiturates, 508
Barnum principle, 364
baseball statistics, 48
basic science, 11
beauty: case study about, 526; cultural
standards of, p524. See also physical
appearance
bed-wetting, 246, c269
behavior: abnormal, p448; aggressive,
565. See also aggression; approach, c329; avoidance, c329; body and, 154–79; classical conditioning and, 246–48; counterattitudinal, 585; genes and, 175; group, 545–54; insight into, 8; instincts and, 314; observable facts of, 20; psychoactive drugs’ effect on, c198; psychology as study of, p2–3; social, 549–50; symbolic, 589; testing intuitions about, 10; theory of planned, c581; visual, 549
behaviorism, 19–20, 248; defined, 387; as learning theory of personality, 388–89, c403; nature vs. nurture
and, 175
behavior modification, 263–66; com- puter-assisted instruction (CAI), 263–64; defined, 263, 499; self- control, 265–66; token economy, 264–65
behavior therapy, 502–05; counter- conditioning, 503–04; defined, 502; as psychotherapy, c488
Bell Jar, The (Plath), reading from, 514–15
Bem Sex Role Inventory, 118 bias: actor-observer, 531, p532; cul- tural, on intelligence test, 356–57;
just-world, 586; self-serving, 531 bilingualism, 307
binocular fusion, 216–18 biofeedback, 194–95; as active coping
strategy, 434; asthma control and
(case study), 196; defined, 194, 434 biological clock, 186
biological motives, 320–23; for
hunger, 320–21; obesity and, 322–23 biological psychology, 21 biological therapy, 506–10; drug
therapy, 507–09; electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), 509–10; psy- chosurgery, 510; starting, p507
bipolar disorder: defined, 471; lith- ium carbonate for, 508
birth order, personality and, 383
Asian Americans–cerebral cortex
blackout, alcoholic, 478
blind spot, 216
body: behavior and, 154–79; image,
culture and, 97, 115. See also human
body
body-kinesthetic ability, 350
body language, 532
boomerang effect, 592 Bosnia-Herzegovina, intergroup con-
flict in, p568
brain: accidents involving, 166–67;
activity on PET scan, p167; aging, p143; Broca’s area of, 167; creating lesions in, 166; how psychologists study, 165–68; left and right hemi- spheres, 162–63, p163; lobes of, 162–65; memory and, 279–80; mem- ory centers, p280; nervous system and, 160–68; parts of, 160–62, p161; preserved, p13; recording electrical activity in, 165; split-brain operations, 163–65; stimulation, 165–66; stria- tum, 280
brain damage: See accidents brainwashing, 595–96
brain waves: alpha, 184; biofeedback
and, 194; delta, 185; theta, 185. See
also electroencephalograph (EEG) bulimia nervosa, 115, 126–27 (reading) burial rites, p146
burnout: schizophrenia and, 467; as
stress reaction, 423 bystander effect, 569
C
California Psychological Inventory (CPI), 366
Campbell Interest and Skill Survey, 361
Cannon-Bard theory, 333 career: changing, 440–41; defined,
440; in psychology. See psychology
careers
case study: defined, 19, 37; as research
method, 37–38
catharsis, 566
CAT scans. See computerized axial
tomography
central nervous system (CNS), 156,
p156; depressing activity of, 509; hal-
lucinogens and, 200
central tendency: defined, 51; mea-
sures of, p50, 51
cerebral cortex, 161, p161, p162, p280
Index 645