Page 661 - Understanding Psychology

Index
creativity: daydreams and, 190; defined, 300; flexibility and, 301; insight and, 301; problem solving and, 351; recombination and, 301; right brain hemisphere and, 163
crisis hot line adviser, 604–05 crisis intervention program, 604 critical period, 75
cross-sectional study, 38–39 crystallized intelligence, 142 cultural bias: defined, 356; IQ testing
and, 356–57
culture: archetypes and, 384; attitude
formation and, 579; body image and, 97, 115; burial rites, p146; collec- tivism vs. individualism, 561; dreams and, 188; group emphasis in, p561; identifying threatening elements, p332; language and, 308; learning emotional expressions by, 331–32; parent-child relationships and, p534; personality and, 396; personal space and, 416; psychological normality and, 448, p449; standards of beauty and, p524; symbolic behavior, 589; violence in American, 566
D
DATE. See Differential Aptitude Test daydream, 190
deafness, 219
death: adjusting to approaching,
144–47; burial rites and, p146; from fear, q42; hospices and, 146–47, p147; leading causes of, g125
decay, 285–86
decibel, 218
decision making, group, 550–52 declarative memory, 279–80 decremental model of aging, 138 defense mechanisms, 380–83, p382;
defined, 380; denial, 381; displace- ment, 383; projection, 381–82; ratio- nalization, 381; reaction formation, 382–83; regression, 383; repression, 381; sublimation, 383
deindividuation, 570 deinstitutionalization, g509; home-
lessness and, 508
delusions, 466–67
dendrites, 157, c157
denial: as coping strategy, 431–32; as
defense mechanism, 381; defined,
431; as stage of dying, 145 dependent variable, 40
depression: adolescents and, 97; antidepressants for, 508; female midlife, 136; gender and, 472; as MMPI scale, c365; as psychological disorder, p471; as stage of dying, 145–46; suicide and, 472–73; teenage, 113–14; thoughts of patient with, q24. See also mood disorders
depth perception, 227–28; binocular depth cues, 228; monocular depth cues, 227–28; strange room, p231
descriptive statistics, 48–52; central tendency measures, 51–52; defined, 48; distributions of data, 49–51; vari- ance measures, 52
determinism, reciprocal, 390 developmental friendship, 438 developmental psychologist, 26, 61 Diagnostic and Statistical Manual
of Mental Disorders (DSM),
451–54. See also DSM-IV Differential Aptitude Test
(DATE), 360
diffusion of responsibility, 568–70,
p569; deindividuation, 570; social
loafing, 569–70
directed thinking, 297; nondirected
thinking vs., 298; for problem solv-
ing, 297–300
disconfirmation, 500 discrimination, 244, 588 disinhibition, 262
displacement, p382, 383 dissociative disorders, 462–63 distress, 414
distribution: of ACT and SAT scores,
g52; data, 49–51; frequency, 49, c49;
normal curve, g50, 51 disturbances of affect, 466–67 divergent thinking, 297
diversity, cultural. See culture diverted attention, 467
divorce: adulthood and, 132; children
and, 540; families, adolescents and, 109–10; marital problems and, 538–39
DNA: genes and, p175; neural activity and, 271
door-in-the-face technique, 594 dopamine, 158; dopamine hypothesis,
469; schizophrenia and, 507–08 double-blind experiment, 43, c44 Dove Counterbalance Intelligence
Test, 357
creativity–elderly
Dr. Zilstein experiment, 520–22, g521 dreams, 188–190; analysis of, crt17, 19,
495; content of, 189; daydreams, 190; Dreams No. 2 (Lawrence), ptg189; Freud on, 189–90; inter- pretation of, 189–90; meaning of, q493, p495
drive, 315
drive-reduction theory of motiva-
tion, 314–16
drug addiction: alcoholism as,
477–78; as escapist personality style, 425; as psychological disorder, 476–78
drugs: abuse and treatment, 202; addic- tion to, 476–78. See also drug addiction; adolescents using, 113; antidepressants, 508; antipsychotic, 507–08; conscious- ness and, 197–202; how they work, 198; “just say no” campaign against, p201; placebo effect, 45; psychoactive, 197, c198; psychological dependence on, 476; tolerance to, 476–77; with- drawal from, 477
drug therapy, 507–09
DSM-IV: Axis I, c452, 453; Axis II,
453; Axis III, 453; Axis IV, 454; Axis V, 454; defined, 451; mental illness categories in, 451–54; personality disorder definition in, 404
dying. See death
E
ear, c220; cochlea, 219; hearing and, 218–19; semicircular canals, 220 eating: habits, old age and, 139; rea-
sons for, q319; when to stop, p321 eating disorders: adolescents and,
114–15; anorexia, 114, p114, 126
(reading); bulimia, 115, 126 (reading) echoic memory, 275
eclectic approach, 487
ECT. See electroconvulsive therapy educational psychologist, 26
EEG. See electroencephalograph ego, 380
egocentric, 73
egocentrism: adolescent, p102, 113;
in children, 73; in parents, 79 ego-support value, 523
eidetic memory, 284
elaborative rehearsal, 287
elderly: Japanese respect for, 140; per-
centage in population, g142; quality of health care for, 139. See also aging; old age
Index 647