Page 660 - Understanding Psychology

Index
cerebrum–counterconditioning
cerebrum, 161–62
chaining, 256
Challenger explosion, p552 children: abuse of, 80–81, 285;
aggressive, 565; attractive vs. unat- tractive, p525; bed-wetting in, 246; bilingual, 307; cognitive develop- ment, 70–75; divorce and, 540; emo- tional development, 74–77; emotional expression learning, 331–32; fear of failure and, p326; games and play, 83–84; gender and toy choice, p118; growth chart, g89; imaginary play- mates, 71; language acquisition, 66–68; language development in, 66–68, 306; moral development of, 84–86; parenting styles and, 79–80; parents’ treatment of, 385; repressed memories and, 285; social develop- ment, 81–86; top three killers
of, 616
chimpanzee: gender behavior, q35;
language acquisition, 308; language use, 66, p67; operant conditioning of, 252
chunking, 276–77
circadian rhythm, 186–87 Civil Rights Act of 1964, 442 clairvoyance, 230, 609 classical conditioning, 241–48;
acquisition of response in, 244; atti- tude formation and, 578; defined, 241; discrimination, 244; experiment, c243; extinction, 245; generalization, 244; general principles of, 242, 244–45; human behavior and, 246–48; operant conditioning vs., c248; Pavlov’s research, 241–45, crt244; spontaneous recovery, 245; taste aversions, 246–47
clicker training, p255 client-centered therapy, 496–97;
origin of, 395
climacteric, 131
clinical psychologist, 25, c489, 607 clique, 111
closure principle, c224
cochlea, 219
cognitive, 7
cognitive-behavior therapy, 505 cognitive consistency, 582, 584–85;
balance theory and, c585
cognitive development: adolescence
and, 101–03; in children, 70–74; con- servation principle, 73–74; gender and, 122; object permanence, 71–72;
Piaget’s stages of, 74, c75; representa- tional thought, 72–73; as social development approach, 83–86
cognitive dissonance, 584; counter- attitudinal behavior and, 585–86
cognitive learning, 260–61; capabili- ties of rats, crt260; defined, 260
cognitive map, 260
cognitive processes: memory and
thought, 272–91; motivation and emotion, 312–39; thinking and lan- guage, 294–311
cognitive psychology, 20–21 cognitive theory: of emotions,
333–36; of motivation, 316–17; of
personality, 396–97, c403 cognitive therapy, 499–502; ABCs
of, c501; defined, 499; maladaptive thought patterns, 501–02, c501;
as psychotherapy, c488; rational- emotive therapy (RET), 500–01
cohort effect, 130
collective unconscious, 33, 384 collectivism, 561
color deficiency: test for, p218; vision
and, 216
communication: gender and, 119;
group, 546; network system of, g554; nonverbal, 531; patterns of group, 552–53
communication process, 591–94; audience, 593–94; channel, 593; mes- sage, 592; source, 591–92, p591
community psychologist, 26 comparable worth, 441–42 competency theory of achieve-
ment, 325 complementarity, 525 compliance, 557, 583. See also
conformity
computer-assisted instruction (CAI), 263–64
computerized axial tomography (CAT) scans, 21, 167, 469
concept, 296
concrete operations stage, 74–75 conditioned reflex, 20
conditioned response (CR), 242, c247 conditioned stimulus (CS), 242, 578 conditioning: aversive, 504; avoid-
ance, 257; classical. See classical con- ditioning; escape, 257; on human infant (case study), 249; operant, 504–05. See also operant condition- ing; token economy, 264–65
conditions of worth, 395 cones, rods and, 215, c215
confabulation, 284
conflict: cooperation vs., 566–68;
intergroup, p568; parent-adolescent, 534; role, 550; situation. See conflict situation
conflict situation, 414–16, c415; appraising, 416
conformity: Asch experiment on, 556–57, g556, p557; case study on, 563; defined, 111, 556; group pressure for, 556–58; laboratory peer pressure, crt559; reasons for, 557–58. See also compliance
consciousness: defined, 183; drugs and, 197–202; Freud’s levels of, c184 conservation principle, 73–74; tasks
to measure, c74
constancy: defined, 229; shape, p229;
size, 232
consulting psychologist, 608 consumer psychology, p607 content validity, achievement tests
and, 360
contingencies of reinforcement, 388 contingency management, 504–05 continuity principle, c224 continuous schedule of reinforce-
ment, 253
control: locus of, 389; loss of, old age
and, 141
control group, 40
convergence, 228
convergent thinking, 297 conversion disorder, 461 cooperation, conflict vs., 566–68 coping mechanisms, 421. See also
coping strategies
coping strategies: active, 432–35;
cognitive appraisal, 431; defensive, 431–32; psychological, 431–35; types of, c431
corpus callosum, p161, 162; severed, p169; split-brain operations and, 163–65, 169 (case study)
correlation: coefficient, 52; defined, 39; explanations and, 39; illusory, 587; negative, 39, 52; positive, 39, 52; study, g39
cortical steroids, 172
counseling psychologist, 25, c489 counselors, c489; grief (reading),
482–83. See also therapists counterattitudinal behavior, 585 counterconditioning, 249, 503–04
646 Index