Page 662 - Understanding Psychology

Index
electric shock–fundamental attribution error
electric shock: Milgram experiment and, 43–45, 558–60, p560
electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), 509, 514. See also shock treatment
electroencephalograph (E E G), 165, p166; pattern during sleep, g185; sleep study and, 184
electromagnetic radiation, light as, 216 electromagnetic spectrum, c217 electroshock therapy. See shock
treatment
emotion, 328–36; adrenal glands and,
172, p173; cognitive theories, 333–36; daydreams and, 190; decisions and, 330; defined, 329; expressing, 329–36; facial expressions and, 330–31, p330; heart rate and, g339; as human intelligence measure (read- ing), 372–73; overreaction and, 9; parts of, 330; perception, arousal and, 334; physiological theories, 332–33, c335; range of, c329; skin temperature and, g339; theories of, c335
emotional development: animal experiments, 75–76; of human infants, 76–77
emotional intelligence (EQ), 329, 351–52, 372–73 (reading)
emotional stability, 402 empty nest syndrome, 136
encoding, 274, c274
endocrine system, 170–73, p172;
defined, 171; endocrine glands, 171–72; hormones vs. neurotransmit- ters, 172–73
endogamy, 538
engineering psychologists, 607 engrams, 180–81
environment, heredity and, 174–76.
See also nature vs. nurture environmental psychologist, 27 environmental stressors, 416–19;
hassles, 418–19; life changes and
stress, 417–18
epileptic seizures: hippocampus
removal for, 281 (case study), 292–93 (reading); split-brain opera- tions and, 163–65, 169 (case study)
episodic memory, 279
EQ. See emotional intelligence Equal Pay Act of 1963, 442 escape conditioning, 257 escapist personality styles, 425 estrogen, 172
ethics: defined, 40; of Little Albert
study, 249
ethnic groups, 22
ethology, human, 171
euphoria, opiates and, 201 eustress, 414
euthanasia, 148
Eve, personalities of, 462–63, p463 existential intelligence, 350 expectancy-value theory of
achievement, 325 Experiment in the Seventh
Century B.C., An (Hunt), 4–5 experimental group, 40 experimental psychologist, 28 experiments: ancient Egyptian (read-
ing), 4–5; Asch, 556–57, g556, p557; classical conditioning, c243; design- ing, 622; double-blind, 43–44; Dr. Zilstein, 520–22, g521; emotional development, 75–76; Milgram, 43–45, 558–60, p560, g573; as research method, 39–40; Schachter- Singer, 333–34; single-blind, 43–44
exposure effect, 579 extinction: defined, 245; with
operant conditioning, 251
extrasensory perception (ESP), 230–31. See also parapsychology
extravert, 401–02
extrinsic motivation, 316–17 eyes: cross section of human, c215;
gazing into another’s, 537; human,
c215. See also sight; vision eyewitness testimony, 284
F
Facial Action Coding System (FACS), 331
facial expressions, 330–31, p330 facial feedback theory, 333
FA C S. See Facial Action Coding
System
factor analysis, 401
failure, fear of: achievement and, 324;
children and, p326 family: authoritarian, 79;
democratic/authoritative, 79; IQ score and size of, 356; permissive/ laissez-faire, 79; role in adolescent social development, 109–10; schizo- phrenia and interactions with, 470; therapy, 490, p490
farsightedness, 218
fear: adrenal glands and, 172; ads appealing to, p592; aversive stimuli and, 257; counterconditioning and, c503; death from, q42; defined, 422; of failure, 324, p326; opponent-process theory on, p336; of success, 324–25
Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), 567
feelings: actions vs. (case study), 589; wiring (reading), 270
fight-or-flight response, 421, p421, 425–26, c425
first impression, 528–30 fixed-interval schedule (of rein-
forcement), 253–54
fixed-ratio schedule (of reinforce-
ment), 253–54
flashback experiences, 201 flashbulb memory, 286
flooding, 504
fluid intelligence, 142
fMRI. See functional magnetic reso-
nance imaging
foot-in-the-door technique, 557, 593 forensic psychologist, 27, 615 forgetting, 285–87
formal operations stage, 74–75 Fraser s spiral, 208
free association, 18–19; defined, 494;
in Rat Man case study, 498 frequency curve. See frequency
polygon
frequency distribution: defined, 49;
as normal curve, 53
frequency polygon, g49, 50 Freudian slip, crt381, q378 Freudian theories of personality:
defense mechanisms, 380–83; evalu- ating, 383–84; id, ego, and superego, 379–80; model, c379; unconscious, 378–86
friends: approval and, 524; choosing, 522–25; companionate love and, 536; complementarity and, 525; physical appearance and, 523–24; proximity and, 522–23; reward val- ues and, 523; similarity and, 524–25; why you need, 520–22
frustration-aggression hypoth- esis, 566
fully functioning, 396 functional fixedness, 300 functionalism, 16
functional magnetic resonance
imaging (fMRI), 168 fundamental attribution error, 531
648 Index