Page 663 - Understanding Psychology

G
games: chess, “Deep Blue” case study, 303; children and, 83–84; Multiple User Dungeon, q7
gangs, 567
GATB. See General Aptitude Test
Battery
gate control theory of pain, 221–22 Genain quadruplets, p469
gender: adolescence and, 110,
116–22; aggression and, 119;
chimps’ behavior and, q35; cognitive- developmental theory and, 121–22; communication style and, 119; depression and, 472; differences in. See gender differences; in media, p119; person-ality and, 118–19, crt120; roles. See gender role
gender differences: cognitive abilities and, 119–20; fear of success and, 324–25; language and, 308; ori- gins of, 120–22; personality and, 118–19, crt120; stress and, 429
gender identity, 117
gender role: adolescence and, 116–17;
biological theory of, 120–21; chang- ing, 122; defined, 117; psychoanalyti- cal theory on, 121; social learning theory on, 121
gender schema, 122
gender stereotype, 117, p119 general adaptation syndrome,
421–22; alarm stage, 421; exhaustion stage, 422, 426; phases of, g445; resistance stage, 421–22
General Aptitude Test Battery (GATB), 360, c360
generational identity, 534 generativity, 135
genes, 175, p176. See also genetics genetics: schizophrenia and, 468;
weight and, 323. See also genes; heri-
tability; inheritable traits
Genie, language case study, 69 genital stage, 82
gerontology, 615
Gestalt: defined, 224; principles, c224 Gestalt psychology, 17, p18
glands: adrenal, c100, 172; duct,
171; ductless, 171; endocrine, 171–72; hormone-releasing, c100; parathyroid, c100; pineal, c100, p172; pituitary, c100, 171, p172; sali- vary, 171; sex, 172; sweat, 171; tear, 171; thymus, c100; thyroid, c100, 171–72, p172
graphic organizers, 629
grasping reflex, 62
Greeks, ancient: four humors 23, q363,
c401; mental disorder diagnosis, 448 group: behavior. See group behavior;
cohesiveness of, 547–49; conformity to, crt559. See also conformity; defined, 545–46; functions of, 547; interactions within. See group inter- action; norms of, 547–48; social facil- itation vs. social inhibition, 549–50, p550; types of, 549; violence, Los Angeles riots, q564
group behavior, 545–54; commit- ment and, 548–49; ideology and, 548; interdependence and, 546; norms, 547–48; shared goals
and, 547
group interaction, 544–73; altruism
and, 568–70; communication pat- terns, 552–53; conflict and coopera- tion, 564–70; conformity, 555–58; decision making, 550–52; group behavior, 545–54; group polarization, 550–51; group structure and, 550; groupthink, 551–52; leadership, 553–54; obedience, 558–62. See also group
group polarization, 550–51, g551 group therapy, 489–91; defined, 489;
family therapy, 490; self-help groups,
490–91
groupthink, 551–52; Challenger
explosion, p552
habits: bad, 264; study, c265, p265, 266
hallucinations, 199–200; defined, 199, 466; psychotherapy for, q485
hallucinogens, 200–01
hassles, 418–19; daily, c419 Hawthorne Study, 43
Head Start programs, IQ scores
and, 356
health: psychological, 449–50; stress
and, 412–45
health psychologist, 27
hearing, 218–19; colors, 225; deaf-
ness, 219; sense of, c210; sound path-
way, 219
Hereditary Genius (Galton), 175 heredity: defined, 16, 174; environ-
ment and, 174–76
heritability, 355. See also genes; genet-
ics; inheritable traits heuristics, 594–95; advertisement
using, p595; defined, 299; types of, 299
Index games–hypothesis
hierarchy of needs (Maslow’s), 326–27, g327
hippocampus, 161–62; long-term memory and, 180–81, p180, p280; removing, 281, 292
Hispanic Americans, 22 histogram, 50
history of psychology, 14–22: con-
temporary approaches, 17–22; histor- ical approaches, 15–17; origins, 15; significant dates in, c613
H M Os, psychotherapy and, 492 holistic healing, 423 Holmes-Rahe scores, 426, 428. See
also Social Readjustment Rating
Scale
homelessness, deinstitutionalization
and, 508
homeostasis: biological motives and,
320; defined, 315; D.W. case study,
318; emotions and, 335 homogamy, 538
hormones: adrenal, during sleep, 186;
defined, 171; glands that release,
c100; neurotransmitters vs., 172–73 hospice, 146–47, p147
human body, p152–53; as holistic
organism, 421. See also body human ethology, 171
human factors engineering, 607 humanistic psychology, 20, 392–96;
defined, 392; growth and self- actualization (Maslow), 392–94; main ideas, c403; self theory (Rogers), 395–96
humanistic therapy, crt496; client- centered therapy, 496–97; defined, 496; as psychotherapy, c488
humors, four, 23 (case study), q363, c401
hunger: biological motives for, 320–21; psychosocial, 321
hypnosis, 191–94; athletics and, 193; defined, 191; during surgery, q191; first person to practice, 192; self- hypnosis, 193; theories of, 193; uses of, 193–94
hypochondriasis, 461–62, crt461; MMPI scale, c365
hypothalamus, 161, p161, p172; later- al, 320–21; pituitary gland and, 171; ventromedial, 321
hypothesis: defined, 11, 40; form- ing, 620
H
Index 649