Page 664 - Understanding Psychology

Index
iconic memory–learning
I
iconic memory, 275
id, 379
identification, 82, 583 identification phenomenon, p591 identity crisis: defined, 105; Erikson’s
theory of, 105; Marcia’s view of,
106–07
identity development: adolescence
and, 104–08; identity crisis, 105–07;
social learning theory, 107–08 illness: food and, 247; stress and, 426 illogical thought processes, 501–02 illusion, 229–30; defined, 229; Müller-
Lyer, p230; Ponzo, p230; stress and
(case study), 436
illusory correlation, 587
image: brain study through, 167–68;
defined, 296; pattern, p297 imaginary playmates, 71 imitation, 262; Bobo doll study,
q259, 262–63. See also observational
learning
immigrants, U.S., 22
immune system, stress and, 426, p426 imprinting, 75, p76
incentive theory of motivation,
316, p317
independent variable, 40 individual interaction, 518–42; inter-
personal attraction and, 519–25;
social perception and, 527–32
industrial/organizational psycholo- gist, 26, 615
infant amnesia, 286
infantile autism, 466
infants: attachment and, 77, 315,
533–34; conditioning on human (case study), 249; emotional develop- ment of, 76–77; growth chart, g89; language development, 306; low birthweight, 80–81; maturation, 64–65; motor development, c64; nature vs. nurture, 62; newborns, 62–63; perceptual development, 65; physical development, 63–65, c64; separation anxiety, 76; sleep needed by, 186; stranger anxiety, 76; sudden infant death syndrome, 63; under- standing by, 71–72; visual cliff and, p66; visual preferences, c65. See
also babies
inferential statistics, 53–54 inferiority complex, 385
information: acquiring practical, 8–9; organizing and analyzing, 626–27; retrieving, 282–88; taking in and storing, 273–80
inheritable traits, 16–17. See also genes; genetics; heritability
initiation rites, 94
inkblot test. See Rorschach test inoculation effect, 595
Inquiries into Human Faculty and
Its Development (Galton), 17 insanity defense, 450
In the Shadow of Man (Goodall), q35 insight, 301, 494, 500
insomnia, 187
instinct theory of motivation, 314 institutionalization: long-term, 467.
See also deinstitutionalization intellectualization: as coping stra-
tegy, 431–32; defined, 431 intelligence: crystallized, 142; defined,
348–49; emotional, 329; existential, 350; fluid, 142; multiple intelligences, 349–51; naturalist, 350; Thurstone’s theory of, 349; triarchic theory of, 350–51; two-factor theory of, 349; views of, 348–52, crt371
intelligence quotient (IQ), q343, 352; controversy over, 355–57; critics of, 354–55; EQ vs., 372–73. See also IQ scores
intelligence test, 348–57; development of, 352–53; Dove Counterbalance, 357; handicapped- level scores, q603; Otis-Lennon Ability Test, 353; Stanford-Binet scale, 352–53; Wechsler tests, 353, c354
interest inventory, 361–62 interference, 286 internalization, 584
Internet addiction, q7 interpersonal skills: improving, as
coping strategy, 435; intelligence
and, 350
interposition, 228 Interpretation of Dreams, The
(Freud), 33
inter-scorer reliability, 344 intimacy: gender and, q116; love
and, 536
intrinsic motivation, 316–17 introspection: adolescent, p102;
defined, 16; scientific method and, 13 introvert, 401
Inuit people, dreams and, 189–90
I Q scores: correlation and, 39; distri- bution of, g355; family size and, 356; marijuana use and, 199; token econ- omy conditioning and, 264; uses and meaning of, 353–55. See also intelli- gence quotient (IQ)
J
James-Lange theory, 332–33 Japan: personal space in, 416; respect
for elders in, 140
jet lag, 187
J N D . See just noticeable difference job: satisfaction, g619; stress, 428. See
also career; occupation; working just noticeable difference
(JND), 210
just-world bias, 586
juvenile delinquency, 113, c113
K
kinesthetic senses, c210, 214, 222 Kuder Preference Record (KPR),
362, c362 L
la belle indiff rence, 461 language, 304–09; ancient Egyptian
experiment on, 4–5; animals and, 308; bilingualism, 307; body, 532; defined, 304; development of, 66–69, c68, 306–07; Genie case study, 69; Helen Keller and, q207; morphemes and, 305; non-understood, q304; phonemes and, 305; schizophrenia and, 465; semantics and, 305–06; structure of, 304–06; syntax and, 305; thinking and, 294–311; wiring (reading), 271
language-acquisition device, 306 latency stage, 82
latent learning, 260–61
lateral hypothalamus (LH), 320–21 Law School Admissions Test
(LSAT), p360
leadership, 553–54; as personality
trait, 553; styles of, 554; transforma-
tional, 553
learned helplessness, 261, c261 learning: attitudes about, p579; cause-
and-effect relationship, crt31; classical conditioning and, 241–48; cognitive, 260–61; defined, 64, 241; emotional expression and, 331; observational, 262, 389; operant conditioning and, 250–58; to perceive, 226–27; Piaget on human (reading), 32; principles and applica- tions, 240–69; role in producing anxi- ety, 456; social, 259–66; state-depen- dent, 284–85; window of (reading), 271
650 Index