Page 666 - Understanding Psychology

Index
naturalistic observation–personal construct theory of personality
naturalistic observation, 37 nature vs. nurture: as focus of
research, p612; as heredity vs. envi- ronment, 175; intelligence testing and, 355–56; parenting styles and, 80; twins and, q174
nearsightedness, 218
Necker cube, p227
needs: biological, c320; defined, 314;
fundamental, 326; Maslow’s hierar- chy of, 326–27, g327; psychological, 326; self-actualization, 326; social, c320
negative correlation, 39, 52 negative reinforcement, 256–57 neodissociation theory, 193 nervous system, p156; autonomic. See
autonomic nervous system; basic structure, 155–59; brain and, 160–68; central. See central nervous system; how it works, 156–59; involuntary activities and, 158–59; parasympa- thetic. See parasympathetic nervous system; peripheral. See peripheral nervous system; somatic. See somatic nervous system; sympathetic. See sympathetic nervous system
neurons: activity of, 158; afferent, 158; anatomy of, c157, p157; in babies’ brains (reading), 270; basic parts, 157; connection between, 157–58; defined, 157; efferent, 158; and mem- ory, 180–81; sensory input and, 162; as skin receptors, 221
neuropeptide Y, 323
neurosis, 451, 453 neurotransmitters, 21, 155: defined,
158; dopamine, 158, 507–08; endor- phins, 155; gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), 509; hormones vs., 172–73; norepinephrine, 158, 173, 508; preventing reuptake of, 508; serotonin, 21, 508, 565
neutral stimulus, 242 nightmare, 188–89
night terrors, 188
nondirected thinking, 297–98 nondirective therapy, 496 nonverbal communication, 531 normal curve, g50, 51, 53 norms, 547–48; defined, 346, 547;
formal, 548; informal, 548; social, 548–49; test standardization and, 346–47
NOW. See National Organization for Women
NREM sleep, 186, 188 652 Index
nurses, psychiatric, c489
O
obedience: to authority, 558–62; defined, 558; Milgram experiment on, 44–45, 558–60, p560, g573; military pilots and, p562; reasons for, 562; Zimbardo experiment on, 561–62
obesity: Americans and, g322; biologi- cal motives for, 322–23; in rats, p321; sleep apnea and, 187
objective personality tests: California Psychological Inventory (CPI), 366; Myers-Briggs test, 366; Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory, 364–65
object permanence, 71–72, p72, 76 observational learning, 262, 389. See
also imitation obsessive-compulsive disorder,
458–59, c475; antidepressant drugs
for, 508
occipital lobe, 162, p162; vision and,
215
occupation: high-stress, 426; male and
female jobs by, g442. See also career;
job; working
Oedipus complex, 33
old age, 137–43, q137; adjusting to, 141;
attitudes toward, 138; dying and death, 144–47; health changes and, 139, p139; life situation changes and, 139–40; living arrangements, g151; mental functioning changes and, 141–43; retirement and, 141; sexual activity changes and, 140–41. See
also aging
operant conditioning, 250–58, c251,
504–05; chaining, 256; classical con- ditioning vs., c248; defined, 250; rein- forcement, 251–55; shaping, 255–56
opponent-process theory, of emo- tion, 335–36, p336
oppression, African American response to, q387
optic nerve: blind spot and, 216; defined, 215
optimist, 433
oral stage, 82
Otis-Lennon Ability Test, 353 ovaries, c100, 172, p172 overjustification, 317 overweight. See obesity
P
Pacific Islanders, 22
pain: gate control theory of, 221–22; perceptions of, 221–22; reduction of. See analgesia; skin sensations and, 221–22
pancreas, c100, p172; glucagon secreted from, 321
panic, 457; attacks, antianxiety drugs for, 508; disorder, 457–58; reactions, LSD and, 201
paranoia: as MMPI scale, c365; schiz- ophrenia and, p467
parapsychology: case study, 609; defined, 609. See also extrasensory perception
parasympathetic nervous system, p156, 158–59; emotions and, 335 parent-child relationships, 533–34;
culture and, p534; parent-adolescent
conflict, 534
parents: abusive, 80–81; effect on chil-
dren, 331, 385; attitude formation and, 579; language development and, 306, g311; parenting styles, 79–80; uninvolved, 79
Parkinson s disease, 158
partial schedule of reinforcement,
253, c254
Pavlov s dog, 242–45, 578
peer pressure, q109; laboratory,
crt559
peers: attitude formation and, 579; role during adolescence, 110–12, p112
percentile system, 346, g347 perception, 223–31; constancy in,
229; defined, 208; depth, 227–28; development of. See perceptual development; emotions and, 334; extrasensory, 230–31; figure-ground, 225; Gestalt view of, 224–25; intelli- gence and, c349; learning to perceive, 226–27; perceptual compensation, 230; perceptual inference, 225–26, p225; principles of organizing, 224–25; right brain hemisphere and, 163; social, 527–32; stress as, 413; subliminal, 226–27; visual illusions, 229–30
perceptual development: case study, 232; of infants, 65
perceptual inference, 225–26, p225 peripheral nervous system (PNS),
156, p156
personal construct theory of per-
sonality, 396–97