Page 667 - Understanding Psychology

personality: antisocial, 475; birth order and, 383; characteristics of, crt377; culture and, 396; defined, 375; differ- ences in, q375; dimensions of, 401, c401; gender differences in, 118–19, crt120; “hidden observer” portion of, 193; psychologists who study, 25; range of, p340–41; stress and differ- ences in, 427–28; Type A and B, 427
personality disorder: antisocial per- sonality, 475–76; case study, 404; defined, 475; DSM-IV definition, 404; types of, c475
personality test, 363–68; defined, 363; objective, 364–66; projective, 366–68
personality theories, 374–407, c403, crt407; humanistic psychology, 392–96; learning theories, 387–90; major schools, 376–77; personal con- struct theory, 396–97; psychoanalytic theories, 378–86; purposes of, 375–76, p376; trait theories, 398–403
personality trait: aggression and, 565; leadership as, 553; in letters from Jenny, 408–09; physical appearance and, 526. See also traits
personality wheel, c23
personal space, culture and, 416 persuasion, 590–96; advertisements
and, p592; brainwashing, 595–96; central route for, 592; communica- tion process and, 591–94; defined, 590; inoculation effect, 595; models of, 594–95; peripheral route for, 592; with rational-emotive therapy, 501; sleeper effect, 594–95
pessimist, 433
PET scan. See positron emission
tomography
phallic stage, 82
phobias: defined, 456; list of, c457;
social, 457; specific, 457
phoneme, 305
phrenology, 14–15, q14, p15 physical appearance: friendship and,
523–24; personality traits and, 526;
prejudice and, p525. See also beauty physical development: adolescence
and, 95–98; of infants, 63–65; rates
of, p97
physical proximity, 522 physiological, 7
physiological theories of emotion,
332–36, c335
pituitary gland, c100, p161, 171, p172
placebo effect, 45, 488
planned behavior, theory of, c581 Plays, Dreams and Imitation in
Childhood (Piaget), q70
pleasure principle, 380
PMS. See premenstrual syndrome polarized thinking, c501 polygraph, 334
Ponzo illusion, p230
population, research sample and, 36 positive correlation, 39, 52
positive regard: defined, 395; uncon-
ditional, 396, 497
positive reinforcement, with operant
conditioning, 251
positron-emission tomography (PET), 21, 167, p167, p453
posthypnotic suggestion, 193 post-traumatic stress disorder
(PTSD): 423, 483; defined, 459; terrorism survivors and, p424; war and, p459
post-war psychology, 608
PQ4R method of studying, c265 preattentive process, 212–13 precocious puberty, 100 predictive validity, 345; of aptitude
tests, 360
prefrontal lobotomy, 510 prejudice, 587–88; defined, 587; dis-
crimination and, 588; physical appearance and, p525; stereotypes and, 530, 587–88
Index personality–psychologist
Prozac: as antidepressant, 508, q506 Psi Chi, 614
psychiatric nurse, c489
psychiatric social worker, c489 psychiatrist, 25, 485, c489 psychoactive drugs, 197, c198; alco-
hol, 201–02; defined, 197; hallucino- gens, 200–01; marijuana, 198–99; opiates, 201
psychoanalysis, 494–96; defined, 494; dream analysis and, 495; free associa- tion and, 494; Freudian (reading), 33; post-Freudian (reading), 33; as psy- chotherapy, c488; transference and, 495–96. See also psychoanalytic psychology
psychoanalytic psychology, 18–19, c489; theories of personality, 378–86; Adler’s theories, 385; Erikson’s theo- ries, 386; Freudian theories, 378–84; Fromm’s theories, 386; gender role and, 121; Horney’s theories, 386; Jungian theories, 384–85; main
ideas, c403
psychobiologist, 21, 27 psychokinesis, 230, 609 psychological dependence: on alco-
hol, 477; defined, 476 psychological disorders, 446–81;
adjustment and, 449; anxiety disor- ders, 455–59; classification problem, 450–54; defining and identifying, 448–50; deviation from normality, 448; dissociative disorders, 462–63; drug addiction, 476–78; DSM-IV, 451–54; MMPI test for, 364–65; mood disorders, 470–73; personality disorders, 475–76; phobic disorder, 456–57; psychological health and, 449–50; schizophrenia, 465–70; somatoform disorders, 461–62; what are?, 447–54
psychological research: U.S. spend- ing on, 615. See also research
psychological tests, 342–70; achieve- ment tests, 360–61; aptitude tests, 360; characteristics of, 343–47; intel- ligence testing, 348–57; interest tests, 361–62; personality tests, 363–68; taking, p344
psychologist: approaches, g513; behaviorist, 248; clinical, 25, c489, 607; community, 26; consulting, 608; consumer, p607; counseling, 25, c489; defined, 25; developmental, 26; educational, 26; employment of
premenstrual syndrome (P M S), preoperational stage, 74–75 primacy effect, 528 primacy-recency effect, 277–78 primary reinforcer, 252 Principles of Psychology, The
(James), 16, 332
proactive interference, 286 problem solving: as active coping
172
strategy, 432; culture, personality and, 396; directed thinking for, 297–300; intelligence and, 350–51; obstacles to, 299–300; strategies for, 298–99; thinking and, 295–302
procedural memory, 279 progesterone, 172 progressive relaxation, 434 prospagnosia, 279 prototype, 296
proximity: friends and, 522–23, p523; as Gestalt principle, c224
Index 653