Page 669 - Understanding Psychology

paranoid, 467, p467; as split person- ality, 468; types of, 467–68; what is?, 465–67
Scholastic Assessment Test (SAT), 611; as aptitude test, 360; percentile on, 346; scores, g52
school psychologist, 25, 607 science: applied, 11; basic, 11 scientific method, 12–13, c12, 623 scorer reliability, 344
seasonal affective disorder (SAD), 472
secondary reinforcer, 252
selective attention, c501 self-actualization, crt394, 449; charac-
teristics of, c393; defined, 392; growth
and, 392–93; needs, 326, g327 self-concept, 580
self-control, behavior modification
with, 265–66
self-efficacy, 390
self-esteem, adolescence appearance
and, 105
self-fulfilling prophecy, 586–87; ado-
lescent physical growth and, 98; avoiding, 43; Clever Hans case study, 46; defined, 42, 586–87; first impres- sion as, 529; stereotypes as, 530
self-help groups, 490–91. See also sup- port group
self-hypnosis, 193 self-justification, 586 self-serving bias, 531
self theory (Rogers), 395–96 semantic codes, 274
semantic memory, 279 semantics, 305–06 semicircular canals, 220
senile dementia, 142–43 sensation, 207–13; defined, 208;
kinesthetic, 214, 222; sensory adap- tation, 211–12; sensory differences and ratios, 210–11; signal-detection theory, 212–13; threshold, 208–10; vision, 215–18; what is?, 208. See also senses
senses, c210; absolute thresholds, 209; balance, 220; body, 214, 222; hear- ing, 218–19; kinesthetic, 214, 222; sight, 236–37 (reading); skin, 221–22; smell, 220–21; taste, 220–21; vestibu- lar. See also sensation
sensorimotor stage, 74–75 sensory memory, 274–76 separation anxiety, 76 set-point, 321
sexual development, adolescence and, 98–99, crt98
sexual harassment, visual behavior as, 549
sexually transmitted diseases (STDs), adolescents and, 99
sexual maturation, 95–98. See also puberty
shaping, 255–56
shock treatment, 509–10; in The Bell
Jar, 514. See also electroconvulsive
therapy
short-term dynamic psychotherapy, 496
short-term memory, 276–78, p277, 280; in cortex, p280; defined, 276
SIDS,63
sight: sense of, c210. See also eyes;
vision
signal-detection theory, 212–13 similarity principle, c224
simplicity principle, c224 single-blind experiment, 43, c44 sixteen trait theory, c400, 401 Skinner box, 33, 251–52, p252, crt388 skin sensations, c210, g235
sleep: amount needed, 186–87; depri-
vation, q183; disorders, 187–88; pat- terns of, g185; REM, 186; sleep apnea, 187; sleep talking, 188; sleep- walking, 188; snoring; sleep apnea, 184–86; why we, 184
sleeper effect, 594
smell, sense of, c210, 220–21
social cognition, 519
social cognitive theory, 389–90, c390 social development: adolescence
and, 109–15; of children, 81–86; cognitive-developmental approach, 83–86; Erikson’s theory of psychoso- cial development, 83, c84; Freud’s theory of psychosexual development, 82, c82; learning theories of, 83–86
social facilitation: defined, 549; social inhibition vs., 549–50, p550
social influence: attitude change and, 582–84; persuasion, 590–96; preju- dice, 587–88
social inhibition: defined, 549; social facilitation vs., 549–50, p550
socialization, 81, p81
social learning, 259–66; behavior
modification, 263–66; cognitive learning, 260–61; defined, 259; how it works, g264; modeling, 262
social learning theory: defined, 107; on gender role, 121–22; of identity development, 107–08
social loafing, 569–70
social motives, 323–26; achievement,
323–26; Maslow’s hierarchy of
needs, 326–27, g327
social norms, 548–49
social perception, 527–32; attribution
theory, 530–31; first impressions, 528–30; nonverbal communication and, 531–32
social psychologist, 25
social psychology: attitudes and
social influence, 576–99; defined, 519; group interaction, 544–73; indi- vidual interaction, 518–42; why study?, 517
Social Readjustment Rating Scale (SRRS), c417, 418. See also Holmes- Rahe scores
Social Security, retirement and, 141 social support, 428–29
social trap, 567–68
social workers: as mental health pro-
fessionals, 486; psychiatric, c489 Society of Psychical Research, 609 sociocultural psychology, 21–22 sociogram: defined, 552; sample, g553 somatic nervous system (SNS),
p156, 158
somatoform disorders, 461–62; con-
version disorder, 461; defined, 461;
hypochondriasis, 461–62 somatosensory cortex, 162, 181,
p180; primary, p162
sound waves, 218–19 spermarche, 96
spinal cord, 156, p161
split-brain operation, 163–65, 169
(case study)
split-half reliability, 344 spontaneous recovery, 245 spontaneous remission, 492
sports psychology, 615
SQ4R method of studying, c265
S R R S. See Social Readjustment Rating
Scale
stagnation, 135
standard deviation, g51, 52 standardization: norms and, 346–47;
test, 345–47
Stanford-Binet intelligence scale, 352–53; typical items, c353, p353
Index Scholastic Assessment Test (SAT)–Stanford-Binet intelligence scale
Index 655