Page 670 - Understanding Psychology

Index
startle reflex–Utopia
startle reflex, 62
state-dependent learning, 284–85 statistical significance, 53–54 statistics: baseball, 48; defined, 48;
descriptive, 48–52; inferential, 53–54;
interpreting, 621; lying with, q47 stereotype: defined, 530; gender, 117,
p119; prejudice and, 587–88; as
schema, 530
stimulation value, 523
stimulus, 208, 578
stranger anxiety, 76
Strange Situation, 77
stratified sample, 37
stress: components of, 414; coping
with, 430–35. See also coping strate- gies; defined, 413; emotional, 426; environmental stressors, 416–19; gender differences and, 429; health and, 412–45; illusion of (case study), 436; immune system and, p426; irra- tional assumptions and, c433; job, 426, p428; life changes and, 417–18; as mental tension, q413; personality differences and, 427–28; physiologi- cal responses to, 420; psychosomatic symptoms and, 425; reactions to, 420–29. See also stress reactions; road rage and, 427; social support and, 428–29; sources of, 413–19; stressful situations, 422, 432; stu- dents and, 437–42; suffering from, p414; summary model, c434; trauma and, p459. See also post-traumatic stress disorder
stressor: college as, 437–39; defined, 414; environmental, 416–19; per- ceived control over, 428
stress reactions: behavioral, 424–25; defined, 414; emotional and cogni- tive, 422–24; factors influencing, 427–29; fight-or-flight, 421, p421, c425; general adaptation syndrome, 421–22; physical, 425–26
Stroop effect, p213
structuralism, 15–16
sublimation: as defense mechanism,
383; defined, 82
subliminal messages, 226 sucking reflex, 62
sudden infant death syndrome
(SIDS), 63
suicide: assisted, 148; attempted, as
escapist personality style, 425;
depression and, 472–73; help for person thinking about, 473; number of, g472; teenage, 113–14
superego, 380
support group: as active coping
strategy, 435; See also self-help group surrogate mothers, 76, p76, 315, p315 symbol, 296
sympathetic nervous system, p156,
158–59; emotions and, 335; poly-
graph and, 334
synapse, p157, p158; in child’s brain,
270; defined, 157
synesthesia, 225
syntax, 305
systematic desensitization, 503
T
taste, sense of, c210, 220–21 telegraphic speech, 67, 307 telepathy, 230, 609
television: quiz grades and, c48; vio-
lence and, 262
temporal lobe, p162
terrorism, 482–83, p482, p483
test: objective, 364; projective, 366–68;
psychological. See psychological tests; reducing anxiety about, c368; reliability, 344–45; standardization of, 345–47; validity of, 345. See also testing
testes, c100, 172, p172
testing: psychology’s role in, 611. See
also test
testosterone, 172
test-retest reliability, 344 tetrahydrocannabinol (T H C), 199 texture-density gradient, 228 thalamus, 161, p161; information pro-
cessing in, p280 thanatology, 144
THC. See tetrahydrocannabinol Thematic Apperception Test
(TAT), 323–24, 367, p367
theory, 11
therapists: characteristics of effective,
488–89; kinds of, c489; transference
to, 495
therapy, 485. See also psychotherapy and
entries for specific types of therapy thinking, 296–97; defined, 296; direct- ed (convergent), 297; irrational, c500;
kinds of, 297; language and,
294–311; nondirected (divergent), 297; polarized, c501; problem solving and, 295–302; processes, forebrain and, 161. See also thought
thought: illogical processes, 501–02; maladaptive patterns of, 501–02, c501; memory and, 272–91; origins of, q160; representational, 72–73; units of, 296–97. See also thinking
Three Faces of Eve, The, 463 threshold: absolute, 209; difference,
210; sensation, 208–10
thyroid gland, c100, 171–72, p172 thyroxine, 171–72
token economy, 264–65, 505 tolerance: for alcohol, 477; de-
fined, 476
tongue: human, c221; “on the tip of
your,” 282, 288
To See and Not See (Sacks),
236–37
traits, crt399; cardinal, 400; central,
400; defined, 398; identifying, 400; inheritable, 16–17; personality. See personality traits; secondary, 400; source, 401; surface, 401
trait theory of personality, 398–403; dimensions of personality, 401, c401; identifying traits (Allport), 400; main ideas, c403; personality table, c401; robust five, 401–02; sixteen trait the- ory, c400, 401; what is?, 399
transference, 495–96 transformational grammar, 306 transformational leadership, 553 trauma: repressed memories of
repeated, 285; stress and, p459. See
also post-traumatic stress disorder triangular theory of love, 537, c539 triarchic theory, 350–51
Trukese tribe, intelligence and, q348,
p348
twins: dizygotic, 176; fraternal, 176; iden- tical, 175, p176; monozygotic, q174
two-factor theory, 349 U
unconditional positive regard, 396, p397, 497
unconditional response (UCR), 242 unconditional stimulus (UCS), 242, 578 unconscious, 33; collective, 33, 384;
defined, 379; Freud and, 378–79 utility value, 523
Utopia, Skinner’s concept of, 20
656 Index