Page 668 - Understanding Psychology

Index psychology–schizophrenia
Ph.D., g614; engineering, 607; envi- ronmental, 27; experimental, 28; forensic, 27; health, 27; industrial, 26, 440; industrial/organizational, 26; as mental health professionals, 485; organizational, 26, 440; Ph.D., areas of expertise, p604; school, 25, 607; social, 26; at work, p25, g26. See
also entries for specific types of
psychologists
psychology: approaches to, 2–57;
behavioral, 19–20; biological, 21; careers in, 603–08; challenges for, 615–16; cognitive, 20–21; contempo- rary approaches to, 17–22, c21; con- tributions of, 610–16; current trends, 614–15; defined, 9; developmental, 61; fields of, 615; forensic, 615; future of, 616; goals of, 10–12; history of. See history of psychology; humanis- tic, 20; industrial/organizational, 615; introducing, 6–31; as new science, p612; overview of, 9–12; post-war, 608; as profession, 24–28; psychoan- alytic, 18–19; role in everyday living, 612; role in mental health, 610–11; role in testing, 611; scientific basis of, 12–13; significant dates in history of, c613; social, 519; sociocultural, 21–22; specialty fields, 25–28; sports, 615; today, 612–16; what is?, p8; why study?, 7–13
psychology careers, 603–08; clinical psychologist, 607; consulting psycholo- gist, 608; crisis hot line adviser, 604–05; employers and, 604; future career options, 608; mental health assistant, 605–06; personnel director, 606; with Ph.D., c604; school psychol- ogist, 607; word processor salesperson, 605. See also entries for specific careers
psychophysics, 208–09 psychosexual development, Freud’s
theory of, 82, c82 psychosis, 451 psychosocial development,
Erikson’s theory of, 83, c84 psychosomatic symptoms, 424–25 psychosurgery, 510 psychotherapy: behavior therapies,
502–05; cognitive-behavior therapy, 505; cognitive therapy, 499–502; conducting, 491; defined, 486; eclec- tic approach, 487; functions of, 486–87; goals of, 487–88; group therapies, 489–91; HMOs and, 492; how it works, 491–92; humanistic
therapy, 496–97; literal meaning of, 486; main kinds of, 487; nature of, 486–88; psychoanalysis, 494–96; types of, c488; what is?, 485–92; when to seek, q485. See also therapy
puberty, 95–98; defined, 95; premature or precocious, 100. See also sexual maturation
punishment, 257–58 pupil, 215
R
rage, aversive stimuli and, 257 random sample, 37
range, 52
RAS. See reticular activating system rational-emotive therapy (RET),
500–01
rationalization: as defense mecha-
nism, 381; defined, 102
Rat Man case study, 498
reaction: stress, 414, 420–29. See also
stress reactions; reaction formation,
382–83
reality principle, 380
recall, 283–85
reciprocal determinism, 390 recognition, 283
recombination, 301 reconceptualization, 500 reconstructive processes, 284 reflex: Babinski, 62; conditioned, 20;
grasping, 62; Moro, 62; newborn, p63; rooting, 62; startle, 62; suck- ing, 62
regression, 383
reinforcement, 251–55; contingencies
of, 388; defined, 20, 251, 256; nega- tive, 256–57; primary, 252; schedules of, 253–55, c254; secondary, 252
relative height, 227–28
relative motion, 228
relaxation: as active coping strategy,
434; alpha waves and, 184; progres-
sive, 434
reliability: defined, 344; judging, g345;
test, 344–45; of WAIS-R (case
study), 358
R E M sleep: defined, 186; dreams dur-
ing, 189; narcolepsy and, 188; sleep
talking in, 188
replication, experimental, 40 representational thought, 72–73 repression, 286, 381, p382
research: experimental, c40; methods, 37–41. See also research methods; pre-research decisions, 36–37; prob- lems and solutions, 42–45; research report, writing, 627; samples, 36–37; statistical evaluation, 47–54; what is?, 35–41
research methods: case studies, 37–38; correlations and explanations, 39; cross-sectional studies, 38–39; ethical issues, 40–41; experiments, 39–40; longitudinal studies, 38; natu- ralistic observation, 37; surveys, 38
resistance, 494
response: classically conditioned, 244;
stress as, 413. See also stress reaction response chain: defined, 256; swim-
ming, p256
resynthesis, 439
reticular activating system (RAS),
161
retina, 215, 236
retinal disparity, 216–17, 228 retroactive interference, 286 rigidity, 300
road rage, 427
Robber s Cave camp, 567 rods and cones, 215, c215 role, 550; stereotypes and, 587 role-play, with rational-emotive
therapy, 501
role taking, 84
rooting reflex, 62
Rorschach test, 367; taking, p366 rule, 297
runner s high, q155
S
sample: defined, 36; random, 37; rep- resentative vs. nonrepresentative, 37–38; research, 36–37; stratified, 37
SAT. See Scholastic Assessment Test scatterplot, 53, g53 Schachter-Singer experiment,
333–34
schema: defined, 71, 284; first impres-
sion as, 529–30; gender, 122; of peo-
ple, p529; stereotype as, 530 schizophrenia: antipsychotic drugs
for, 507; biological influences, 468–69; causes of, 468–70; defined, 466; family interactions and, 470; Genain quadruplets, p469; language and, 465; as MMPI scale, c365; oversupply of dopamine in, 158;
654 Index