Page 741 - Geosystems An Introduction to Physical Geography 4th Canadian Edition

Index I-7
weather, 134–139, 236
weathering, karst, and hillslopes, 448 Humboldt Current, 126, 168–170, 181, 200 Humid continental climates, 280–281, 289,
291–293 Humidity
air masses and, 208–209 atmospheric stability, 190–194 cold and warm fronts, 212–216 extreme weather events, 327–329 fog, formation and types, 181,
197–199, 200
heat index and, 118, 136–138
humid continental climates, 289, 291–293 humidex calculation, 137–138, 140 measurement of, 201–202
overview of, 186–190
rain shadow, 237
tropical cyclones, 226–235
water, properties of, 182–186, 260 water-vapour feedback system, 321
Humid subtropical climate, 280–281, 284, 285–287
Humus, 574, 575 Hurricanes
Andrew, 228
barrier islands and, 512
Camille, 228, 235
in Canada, 207
Catarina, 232
economic impact of, 207
Gilbert, 228, 229
Igor, 207
Juan, 234–235, 308
Karl, 76, 228
Katrina, 126, 186, 230–231, 233–234, 235,
512, 531 Mitch, 235
ocean currents and temperatures, 126, 170 overview of, 33, 103, 147, 226–235
Rita, 126
Sandy, 4–5, 33, 229, 230–231, 512, 524 Wilma, 126
Hutton, James, 348
Hydration, 433–434
Hydraulic action, 462
Hydraulic fracturing, 264–265 Hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs), 75,
330–331
Hydroelectric dams, 5, 254–256 Hydrofracking, 264–265
Hydrogen bonding, 182
Hydrograph, 461
Hydrological drought, 252
Hydrologic cycle, 17, 244–246, 311–312,
376–377. See also Water Hydrologic systems, models of, 14 Hydrology, 454
Hydrolysis, 433–434
Hydrophytic vegetation, 515–516 Hydropower, 254–256
Hydrosphere, 15–18
Hydrothermal deposits, 360 Hydrothermal features, 371–373, 378 Hygroscopic water, 248 Hypothermia, 118
Hypsometry, 385
I
Ice
albedos, 96, 320–324
climate change and, 135, 558–561 cloud formations, 196
feedback loops, 13
frost, 187, 430–431, 551–554 glacial processes, 538–544
global water equilibrium, 243
hail, 223–224
hydrosphere, 15–18
melting of, 91, 112, 254, 307, 325–326,
327, 329, 353, 354, 532–533, 544 periglacial landscapes, 550–555 surface water resources, 253–256 water phase changes, 183–186
International Space Station (ISS), 31, 32, 47, 67, 421
International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), 14, 631
Intertidal zones, 497–498, 516
Intertropical convergence zone (ITCZ), 153,
155, 210, 211, 280–285
Intrusive igneous rock, 355–357 Invasive species, 143, 641, 644, 646–647 Inversion, temperature, 86
Ionosphere, 67, 71–72
Iron (Fe), 351, 352, 353, 357, 434–435 Isachen Dome, 391–392
Island arcs, 397–399, 411
Islands, barrier, 511–513
Isobar, 148, 149
Isolines, 51, 148, 149
Isostasy, 353
Isostatic adjustment, 392, 477, 479 Isostatic rebound, 353, 354
Isothermal condition, 86
Isotherms, 130–134
Isotope analysis, 311
Isotopes, radiometric dating, 379
J
Japan, earthquake and tsunami (March 2011), 5, 144, 406–407, 409, 505–507
Japan Current, 126
Japan Trench, 407
Java Trench, 366
Jet contrails, 98–99
Jet stream, 156–157, 158, 160, 216–220 Jetties, 510
Joint-block separation, 430–431 Jointing, pressure-release, 432 Joints, rock, 429
Joint Typhoon Warning Centre, 226 Juan de Fuca Plate, 368, 404–405 June solstice, 43, 55–59
Jurassic Period, 349, 389
K
Kalgoorlie Super Pit, 446–447 Kame, 550
Karex, 474, 476
Karst topography, 435–440
Karst valley, 437, 438
Katabatic winds, 162–163, 164 Keeling Curve, 309–310
Kelvin (K) scale, 48, 60, 119–120 Kettle, 550
Kinetic energy, 12, 69, 93, 119, 426–427 Kittinger, Joseph Jr., 65, 67
Klamath Mountains, 396, 398–399 Köppen climate classification, 277 Kuroshio, 126, 164
Kyoto Protocol, 337–338
L
Lacolith, 357, 358
Lacustrine deposits, 555–558 Lagoon, 508, 509
Lake effect snow, 209, 210 Lakes
acid deposition, 78–79
dead zones, 613, 614–615 eutrophication, 626–627
invasive species, 641
kettle lakes, 550
land-water heating differences, 124–129 map of major lakes, 253
paleolakes, 555–558
succession, 626–627
Ice
Icebergs, 184, 537–538
Ice-cap and ice-sheet climates, 280–281,
295–296
Ice cores, climate science and, 312–313, 314 Ice-crystal fog, 197–199
Ice field, 538
Iceland
Eyjafjallajökull eruption, 15, 19, 160, 346, 410
geothermal energy, 372–373
ice-cap and ice-sheet climates, 295–296 Icelandic Low, 154, 158, 171
Ice regelation, 540
Ice sheets, 325–326, 327, 538, 539, 559–560 Ice shelves, 538, 560
Ice storms, 221
Ice streams, 538
IGBP Climate-Change Index, 341–342 Igneous provinces, 413, 414
Igneous rocks, 355–357, 361–363 Illuviation, 574
Indian Ocean, 155, 160–162, 166–168, 244,
252, 366
Indian Shield, 387–388
India Plate, 396
Indo-Australian Plate, 368
Induced seismicity, 405, 408
Indus River, 484, 485
Industrial Revolution, 10, 320, 321 Industrial smog, 79–80, 82–83
Inertia, 499
Inertial stability, 629
Infiltration, 245
Influent, 260
Infrared spectrum, 48, 92
Initial landscapes, 425
Innutian Mountains, 356, 400
Insolation, 49–51, 94–98, 100–101, 278–279,
319–320. See also Solar energy;
Temperature
Institute for Measurement Standards, 25 Instream, 266
Instrument shelters, thermistors, 120 Insular Belt, 370–371
Interception, 245
Interferograms, 407
Interfluve, 455
Interglacials, 311, 553
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
(IPCC), 5, 135, 324, 325, 331–332,
334–335, 605 Interior platform, 356
Intermontane Belt, 370–371 International Boundary Commission
(IBC), 3, 468
International Boundary Commission Act
(1960), 3
International Commission on Stratigraphy, 10 International Conference: Climate,
Sustainability, and Development
in Semi-Arid Regions, 571 International Date Line (IDL), 25, 26 International Earth Rotation Service, 54 International Geosphere Biosphere Program,
341–342
International Maritime Organization, 112 International Meridian Conference, 24 International Polar Year (IPY), 561 International Small Group and Tree Planting
Program (TIST), 340
age, 311, 553–558