Page 742 - Geosystems An Introduction to Physical Geography 4th Canadian Edition

I-8 Index
Lakes (Contd.)
surface water resources, 253–256 water distribution, 243–244
Land breezes, 162–163, 164 Landfall, tropical cyclones, 228 Landforms
coastal processes, 491, 492, 507–516 crust deformation, 389–394, 395, 396 crust formation, 387–389 denudation, 424–428
depositional landforms, rivers, 473–478, 479
earthquakes and, 401–410
glacial landforms, 544–550
gravity, effects on development, 449
ice age, 553–558
igneous landforms, 357, 358 mass-movement processes, 440–447 orogenesis (mountain building), 394–401 relief and topography, Earth, 384–386 volcanic activity and, 410–416
Landsat, 32, 33
Landscape pattern analysis, 636
Landslides, 332–333, 422, 440–447, 448 Land surface temperature (LST), 121, 122 Land-water heating differences, 124–129
La Niña, 168–170
Lapse rates, environmental, 71, 86, 122–123 Laramide orogeny, 349, 396
Large marine ecosystems (LMEs), 663
Last glacial maximum (LGM), 317–318 Latent heat, 93, 101, 102, 106–107, 184–186,
191–194 Lateralization, soils, 582
Lateral moraines, 547
Latitude, 20–25, 55, 102–103, 122, 123,
282, 283
Lava, 355–357, 362, 411–412
Lee, Mark, 65
Less-developed countries (LDCs), 8, 10,
308–309
Lesser Atlas Mountains, 364, 400 Levees, 233–234, 482
Lewisian gneiss, 361, 362
LiDAR, 33, 384
Life zone, 621–622
Lifting condensation level, 191–194 Light, speed of, 45
Lightning, 220, 221–225, 612 Limestone, 321, 322–323, 357–362,
435–440, 490
Limiting factors, ecosystems, 622
Linear valleys, 394, 395
Liquefaction, 409
Lithification, 358–359
Lithosphere. See also Earthquakes; Plate
tectonics; Volcanoes
continental drift, 363, 364 continental shield, 387–388
geologic cycle, 375–377
geomorphic belts and exotic terranes,
370–371
hydrologic cycle, 244–246 overview, 15–18, 351, 352–353 seafloor spreading, 363–366, 367 subduction zones, 366–367
Little Ice Age, 318, 320
Littoral current, 503–504
Littoral drift, 504
Littoral zone, 496–498
Livestock, methane emissions, 330 Loam, 576
Local winds, 162–163, 164 Loess deposits, 524–525 Longitude, 20, 22–25 Longitudinal profile, 469 Longshore current, 503–504
Longwave radiation, 49, 92, 97–101, 104–107 Low tablelands, 385–386
Lut Desert, 132
Luvisolic order, soils, 585, 588, 593, 599 Lyell, Charles, 348
Lysimeter, 247
M
Mackenzie River, 253, 474, 477 Madison River landslide, 442 Mafic igneous rocks, 357
Mafic lava, 411–412
Magma, 355–357, 361, 365–367, 388–389, 397–399, 411–412
Magnesium (Mg), 351, 352, 353, 357, 388–389, 434–435, 610–613
Magnetic field, Earth, 351, 353–355, 365–366, 621
Magnetic poles, 347 Magnetosphere, 47 Mangrove swamps, 515–516 Mantle, Earth, 350–351, 353 Mantle convection, 392 Maps
defined, 25–26
geography, overview, 6
latitude and longitude, 20–25 modern tools for creating, 30–37 projections, 26–30
rivers, border and boundary changes,
468–469
scale of, 26, 36
time zones, 24
weather maps, 217–220 Marble, 362, 434–435
March equinox, 43, 55–59
Mariana Trench, 366, 385
Marine ecosystems, 74–75, 78–79, 124–129 Marine (maritime) effect, 126–129
Marine west coast climate, 280–281, 284,
287–289
Maritime equatorial air masses (mE), 280–281 Maritime polar air masses (mP), 208–209,
280–281
Maritime tropical air masses (mT), 208–209,
280–281, 285–287 Mars, 15, 429
Mass balance, glaciers, 539–540, 543, 563 Mass-movement processes, 424–428,
440–447, 449 Mass wasting, 441–447
Matter, 11–14
Mauna Loa Observatory, Hawai’i, 68, 309–310 Maunder Minimum, 319
Maximum specific humidity, 189
Meandering stream, 468–471
Meander scars, 468–469
Mean sea level (MSL), 498
Mean solar time, 54
Mechanical energy, 12
Mechanical weathering, 430–432
Medial moraines, 547
Medieval Climate Anomaly, 318 Mediterranean climate, 280–281, 284, 287,
289, 290
Mediterranean scrubland, 648–650, 658–659 Mediterranean Sea, 366, 494
Melt, continental crust formation, 388–389 Melting, water phases, 183–186. See also Ice Meltponds and streams, 560
Meniscus, 182
Mercator projection, 28
Mercury barometer, 146
Meridians, 22–30
Merriam, C. Hart, 621
Mesopause, 67, 70–71
Mesosphere, 67, 70–71
Mesothermal climates, 277, 280–281, 284 Mesotrophic, 626–627
Mesozoic Era, 349
Metamorphic rocks, 355, 356, 360–361, 362 Metamorphic schist, 362
Meteorological drought, 252 Meteorological Service of Canada, 220 Meteorology, defined, 208
Methane (CH4)
Arctic melting and, 332–333 atmosphere composition, 68 climate change, causes of, 328–335 Earth’s climate history, 313–315 fracking, 264–265
greenhouse effect, 98–101 ice-core data, 315
methane hydrates, 332–333 permafrost thaw and, 296, 307
Methylmercury, 78
Microbursts, 221–225, 224–225 Microclimatology, 104–107 Microorganisms, soil development and, 577 Microplate terranes, 389
Microthermal climates, 277, 280–281, 289 Mid-Atlantic Ridge, 364, 365, 366, 378, 382 Midlatitude broadleaf and mixed forest,
648–650, 654–655 Midlatitude cold desert climates,
297–298, 299
Midlatitude cold steppe climate, 298–301 Midlatitude cyclonic systems, 216–220,
285–287
Midlatitude grasslands, 648–650, 659 Midlatitude tropopause, 70 Midlatitude zones, 21–22
Midnight Sun, 55–59
Mid-ocean ridges, 363–366, 367 Midwinters Day, 55, 59
Milankovitch cycles, 320
Milocene Epoch, 349
Mineralogy, 355–363
Minerals. See also Weathering
continental crust formation, 388–389 igneous processes, 355–357
magnetic reversals, 365–366 metamorphic processes, 360–361, 362 rock cycle, 361–363
salt weathering, 431–432
seawater properties, 493–494 sedimentary processes, 357–360, 361 soil classification symbols, 584
soil formation and profiles, 572–574
Mining, 261, 262–263, 423–424, 445, 446–447, 493
Mississippian Period, 349
Mississippi River, 253, 260, 468–469, 473,
475, 476–479, 482 Mistral, 162
Mixing ratio, 189 Mixing zone, 494 Models
climate change, 335–337
types and uses, 14
Modified Mercalli Intensity (MMI) scale, 402 Mohorovicˇic´ discontinuity (Moho), 351, 352 Moist adiabatic rate (MAR), 191–194 Moisture. See also Water
air masses and, 194, 208–209
in soils, 578
Mojave Desert, 107, 108–109, 298 Molina, Mario, 74
Moment magnitude (M) scale, 402–403 Monsoon climates, tropical, 282–283, 284 Monsoons, 160–162, 172
Montane forests, 648–650, 655–657 Montreal Protocol, 330–331