Page 745 - Geosystems An Introduction to Physical Geography 4th Canadian Edition

Index I-11
Producers, ecosystems, 606–607, 612, 616–619
Projections, maps, 26–30
Prominence eruptions, 46
Proterozoic Eon, 349
Proxy methods, climate history, 310–319 Psychrometer, 189–190, 201–202
Puerto Rico Trench, 366
Pumice, 356
Pyroclastics, 411–412, 413, 414–415, 417 Pyroxene, 434
Q
Quantitative Solution
adiabatic warming and rain shadow, 237 Climate-Change Index, 341–342
coastal sediment budgets, 527–528 earthquakes, size of, 419
flood frequency analysis, 486
glacier mass balance, 563
global energy balance model, 113 gravity in landform development, 449 humidex, 140
humidity and dew-point measures,
201–202
landscape pattern analysis, 636
lapse rates, 86
map scales, 36
radiation and temperature, 60 radiometric dating, 379
soil density and porosity, 601
species richness, diversity, and similarity,
667–668
temperature and degree days, 303 water budget calculation, 270 wind regimes, 173–174
Quartz, 353, 355, 358 Quartzite, 362 Quaternary Period, 349
R
Radar, 33, 220
Radar interferograms, 407 RADARSAT-1, -2, 32, 33 Radial drainage, 458 Radiation
daily patterns of, 103–104 energy balance, 101, 102 geomagnetic reversal, 354–355 heat transfer, 93
temperature and, 60
Radiation fog, 197–199
Radioactive decay, 344, 348, 350 Radioactive forcing, 331–332, 334, 335–336 Radioactive isotopes, 315–316
Radiometric dating, 316, 348, 350, 379 Radiosonade instruments, 191
Radio waves, 47, 48, 72
Radon, 408–409
Rainbow, 95
Rain forest, 275–276, 280–281, 644
Rain gauge, 247
Rain shadow, 211–212, 213, 237
Range of tolerance, 622
Rayleigh scattering, 94
Recessional moraines, 547, 548 Rectangular drainage, 458
Red Sea, 364, 394
Redwood forests, 180
Reference Climate Stations (RCS sites), 220 Reflection, 96–97, 100–101
Refraction, 95–96
Region, as geographic theme, 6
Regional metamorphism, 361
Regolith, 428, 574
Regosolic order, soils, 585, 589–590, 597, 599
Relative age, defined, 348
Relative humidity, 186–190, 201–202 Relief, Earth surface, 384–386, 573 Remote sensing technology, 31–33 Representative fraction (RF), 26 Reservoirs, 253–256
Resilience, ecosystems, 628–634 Resisting force, 441
Respiration, 608–609, 612
Respiratory illness, pollution and, 77–78 Reverse fault, 393
Revolution, Earth’s orbit, 52–55
Rhumb line, 28–29
Rhyolite, 357
Richat Structure, 391–392
Richter scale, 402–403
Rift valley, 394
Rills, 455
Rime fog, 197–199
Ring of Fire, 369–370, 397, 399
Riparian marshes, 473, 475
Rip current, 502
Rivers
borders and boundaries, 468–469 channel patterns, 465, 468–469 dams, effect on, 453
defined, 454
depositional landforms, 473–478, 479 drainage basins, 454–459
floods and river management,
478–484, 486
fluvial concepts, basic, 459–462 graded streams, 469, 472–473 hydroelectric power, 254–256 largest rivers, table of, 454
map of major rivers, 253 meandering streams, 470–471
river restoration, 466–467
stream channel processes, 462–465 surface water resources, 253–256 water distribution, 241–244
Robinson Projection, 368
Rock avalanches, 431, 442–443
Rock cycle, 17, 348, 355–363, 361–363 Rockfall, defined, 442–443
Rocks
as carbon sinks, 321, 322–323 climate history, study of, 310–311 coastal systems, 495–498
crust deformation, 389–394, 395, 396 defined, 355
Earth’s mantle, 351
geologic cycle, 375–377
geomagnetic reversals, 354–355 geomorphic belts, Canada, 370–371 igneous rocks, 355–357, 358 land-water heating differences,
124–129
magnetic reversals, 365–366 metamorphic rocks, 360–361, 362 radiometric dating, 348, 350 sedimentary rocks, 357–360, 361
soil development and, 572, 574 volcanic materials, overview, 411–412 weathering processes, 428–435
Rock salt, 355
Rocky Mountains, 211–212, 213, 241, 327,
370–371, 391–392, 396–399 Rooftop gardens, 90, 111
Rossby waves, 158, 160, 289 Rotation, Earth, 53–54 Rotational slides, 443
Rouch moutonnée, 544–547 Rowland, F. Sherwood, 74 Runoff, 245, 246–251, 254, 267
S
Sahara Desert, 132, 155, 297, 518, 571 Salinity, 166–167, 254, 261, 493–494 Salinization, soils, 582
Saltation, 464, 518
Salt marshes, 515–516
Salt weathering, 431–432
San Andreas fault, 369, 383, 391, 394, 395,
402, 403, 409 Sand, 359, 516–525
Sand sea, 520–525
Sandstone, 357–360, 359, 361, 362 Satellites
Global Positioning Systems (GPS), 30–31 gravity measurement, 32, 256, 269 ionosphere and, 72
remote sensing, 31–33
solar data collection, 46
weather forecasting and, 220 Saturation equilibrium, 187 Saturation vapour pressure, 188–189 Savanna climates, tropical, 283–285 Scale of maps, 26, 36
Scandinavian Shield, 387–388 Scarification, 423–424, 446–447, 660 Scattering, 94–95, 100–101
Schist, 362
Scientific method, 7–8, 9
Scouring, 468–469
Scripps Institute of Oceanography, 309 Scrub vegetation, 651
Sea breezes, 162–163, 164
Sea cliffs, arches, and stacks, 505–507, 508 Seafloor spreading, 363–366, 367, 382,
388–389, 411
Sea ice, 5, 13, 135, 171, 172, 325–327, 329,
341–342, 558–561 Sea levels
climate models and forecasts, 336–337, 341–342
defined, 459, 498
eustasy, 243
ice age, 555
rise of, 5, 308, 326, 327, 498, 539–540 seawater intrusion, 259
temperature patterns, 123, 126 tides, 498, 499–501
tsunamis and, 504–507
Sea of Cortez, 6
Seas, 124–129, 492–495. See also Oceans Seasonal forests, 644
Seasonal ice, 326
Seasons. See also Climate
annual march of, 55–59
daily solar radiation patterns, 103–104 Earth’s climate system, 278
Earth’s temperature patterns, 130–134 humidity patterns, 188
insolation, variation in, 50–51
net radiation, 105–106
reasons for, 52–55
subsolar point, 43
surface water resources, 254
Seawater desalination, 259
Secondary circulation, atmosphere, 151, 153,
160–162
Secondary succession, 624–626 Seconds, latitude, 21
Sediment
alluvial fans, 474, 476
aquatic environments, 626–627 coastal systems, 495, 504, 507–516,
527–528
deltas, 474–479
desert pavement, 519–520 floods and, 480–481