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Modern Geomatics Technologies and Applications

∑ ∑ =1
=1
,
= , ∀ ≠ (3)
∑ =1 ∑ =1

Where is the Gi* spatial statistic, signifies the total number of countries, represents the spatial weight between
,
countries and , and and are COVID-19 incidence rates of countries and .

3. Results and discussion

3.1 Spatial distribution of COVID-19
A total number of 86,749,940 cumulative confirmed cases and 1,890,342 deaths been reported globally by January 9,
2021. United States of America (21170475), India (10413417), Brazil (7873830), Russia (3355794), and the United Kingdom
(2889423) where the five countries with the most infected COVID-19 cases in the world. Furthermore, United States of
America (358111), Brazil (198974), India (150570), Mexico (129987), and the United Kingdom (78508) had the most deaths
respectively. However, considering the population of countries, Andorra, Gibraltar (United Kingdom), Montenegro, San
Marino, and Luxembourg, all located in Europe, had the highest CIR values among others. (Fig. 1 (A)). According to CFR
values, Yemen (28.98), Mexico (8.78), Ecuador (6.48), Sudan (6.29), Syria (6.24), Bolivia (5.56), Egypt (5.46), China (4.92),
Liberia (4.61), and Chad (4.51) were among top ten countries in terms of high fatality rates worldwide. As is obvious, Yemen
had the highest fatality rates by far (Fig. 1 (B)). Surprisingly, although the incidence rates in some Europe countries were
among the highest rates, CFR values were significantly low. For instance, Bahrain, Qatar, Andorra, San Marino, Slovenia,
Czech Republic, United Kingdom, despite their high CIR values, had low CFR percentages compared to other countries
around the world. These variations in results might be associated with some parameters such as age or strong healthcare
systems. Countries having older generations might have higher CFR rates, in comparison with countries with younger
populations.

3