Page 25 - ASOP ROT Study Guide

A joint or articulation (or articulate surface) is the location at which bones connect. They are
constructed to allow movement (except for skull, sacral, sternal, and pelvic bones) and provide
mechanical support, and are classified structurally and functionally.

Structural classification is determined by how the bones connect to each other, while functional
classification is determined by the degree of movement between the articulating bones. In practice,
there is significant overlap between the two types of classifications.

Structural classification (binding tissue)
Structural classification names and divides joints according to the type of binding tissue that connects
the bones to each other. There are three structural classifications of joints:

 fibrous joint – joined by dense regular connective tissue that is rich in collagen fibers
 cartilaginous joint – joined by cartilage
 synovial joint – not directly joined – the bones have a synovial cavity and are united by the

dense irregular connective tissue that forms the articular capsule that is normally associated
with accessory ligaments.

Functional classification (movement)
Joints can also be classified functionally according to the type and degree of movement they allow:

 synarthrosis – permits little or no mobility. Most synarthrosis joints are fibrous joints (e.g.,
skull sutures).

 amphiarthrosis – permits slight mobility. Most amphiarthrosis joints are cartilaginous joints
(e.g., intervertebral discs).

 diarthrosis – freely movable. All diarthrosis joints are synovial joints (e.g., shoulder, hip,
elbow, knee, etc.), and the terms "diarthrosis" and "synovial joint" are considered equivalent.
Diarthroses can in turn be classified into six groups according to the type of movement they
allow: arthrodia, enarthrosis, ginglymus, rotary diarthrosis, condyloid articulation and
articulation by reciprocal reception.

4.7.1 Synovial joints - general structure

A synovial joint, also known as diarthrosis, is the most common and most movable type of joint
in the body of a mammal. As with most other joints, synovial joints achieve movement at the
point of contact of the articulating bones.

Synovial fluid - the synovial fluid fills the synovial capsule and has three functions:

1. Lubrication of the joint surfaces to reduce friction. The synovial fluid is circulated
around the joint by the movement of the joint

2. Nutrition of the articular cartilage. It is thought that the articular cartilage gains its
nutrition from two sources: partly from the blood supply from the bone under the
cartilage but mainly through minute fissures reaching the depths of the cartilage layer
from the surface. Via this latter route synovial nutrients are forced into the fissures
when the joint moves.

3. Removal of waste materials from the tissues of the joint.