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b. Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA)

• Periarticular Erosions – Bone loss at joint edges.
• Soft Tissue Swelling – Due to chronic inflammation.
• Ulnar Deviation and Joint Deformities – Common in advanced cases.
• Osteopenia (Bone Weakening) – Often seen near affected joints.

c. Bone Tumors and Infections

• Lytic Lesions (Osteolysis) – Areas of bone destruction.
• Sclerotic Lesions – Dense, irregular bone growth (common in osteosarcoma).
• Periosteal Reactions:
o Onion-Skin Appearance – Layered periosteal reaction seen in Ewing’s sarcoma.
o Sunburst Pattern – Radiating bone spicules seen in aggressive tumors.
o Codman’s Triangle – Lifting of the periosteum due to rapidly growing tumors or
infections.

By understanding these radiographic signs, orthopaedic technologists can assist physicians in
early detection, accurate diagnosis, and effective treatment planning for various
musculoskeletal conditions.

• Osteoarthritis (OA):
o Joint space narrowing
o Osteophyte (bone spur) formation
o Subchondral sclerosis
• Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA):
o Periarticular erosions
o Joint deformities
o Soft tissue swelling
• Bone Tumors and Infections:
o Lytic lesions (osteolysis)
o Periosteal reactions (onion-skin, sunburst patterns)

Radiation Safety and Exposure Protection

X-ray imaging involves exposure to ionizing radiation, necessitating strict safety protocols to
protect both patients and healthcare workers.

1. ALARA Principle (As Low As Reasonably Achievable)

• Minimizing Radiation Exposure:
o Use the lowest possible exposure settings to obtain a clear image.
o Optimize shielding techniques (e.g., lead aprons, thyroid collars).
o Ensure proper collimation to focus the X-ray beam only on the target area.
• Distance and Time Considerations:
o Increase distance from the radiation source whenever possible.
o Limit exposure time to reduce cumulative radiation dose.