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This section is intended for educational purposes only and is designed to provide information fort
the future orthopaedic technologist techniques commonly utilized in clinical practice. It is not a
substitute for professional training or certification in radiographic imaging or the practice of
taking X-rays. It is strongly advised to follow and adhere to all local, state, and national
regulatory requirements, laws, and guidelines concerning radiographic imaging and the use of X-
ray equipment. This includes but is not limited to licensing, certification, safety protocols,
radiation protection standards, and proper patient consent procedures as mandated by relevant
governing bodies and regulatory agencies.

References

1. American College of Radiology. (2024). ACR guidelines on radiation safety and best practices in
medical imaging. Washington, DC: ACR Publications.
2. American Registry of Radiologic Technologists. (2023). Principles of radiologic positioning and
patient care in musculoskeletal imaging. St. Paul, MN: ARRT.
3. Bontrager, K. L., & Lampignano, J. P. (2023). Textbook of radiographic positioning and related
anatomy (10th ed.). St. Louis, MO: Elsevier.
4. Bushberg, J. T., Seibert, J. A., Leidholdt, E. M., & Boone, J. M. (2024). The essential physics of
medical imaging (4th ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
5. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2024). Radiation protection in medical imaging:
Best practices and safety measures. Retrieved from https://www.cdc.gov/radiation
6. European Society of Radiology. (2024). Advancements in digital radiography and AI-assisted
diagnostics in musculoskeletal imaging. European Journal of Radiology, 98(3), 256-270.
7. Herring, W. (2024). Learning radiology: Recognizing the basics (5th ed.). Philadelphia, PA:
Elsevier.
8. International Commission on Radiological Protection. (2023). ICRP guidelines for minimizing
radiation exposure in diagnostic imaging. Annals of the ICRP, 52(4), 1-15.
9. Mayo Clinic. (2024). Computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in
orthopedic diagnosis. Mayo Clinic Proceedings, 99(5), 1123-1138.
10. National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements. (2024). Radiation exposure in
diagnostic imaging: Guidelines and risk management strategies. Bethesda, MD: NCRP.
11. Radiological Society of North America. (2024). The role of ultrasound in musculoskeletal
diagnosis and treatment planning. RSNA Annual Report, 37(2), 45-60.
12. Smith, S. L., & Foster, R. (2023). Patient positioning and motion control in diagnostic radiology:
Techniques for optimal imaging outcomes. Journal of Medical Imaging, 27(1), 88-104.
13. World Health Organization. (2024). Global standards for radiation safety in medical imaging:
ALARA principles in clinical practice. Geneva, Switzerland: WHO Press.