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Common Orthopaedic Conditions in Pediatrics

1. Developmental Dysplasia of the Hip (DDH)

• Pathophysiology: Abnormal hip development, leading to hip subluxation or dislocation.
• Risk Factors: Breech presentation, family history, first-born child.
• Diagnosis: Ortolani and Barlow tests, ultrasound for infants under 6 months.
• Management:
o Pavlik harness for infants under 6 months.
o Closed reduction and spica casting for older infants.

2. Legg-Calvé-Perthes Disease

• Definition: Avascular necrosis of the femoral head, leading to joint collapse.
• Age Group: Typically affects boys aged 4-10 years.
• Symptoms: Painless limp, hip stiffness, decreased range of motion.
• Treatment: Activity restriction, physical therapy, and in severe cases, osteotomy or bracing.

3. Slipped Capital Femoral Epiphysis (SCFE)

• Definition: Displacement of the femoral head due to weakness in the growth plate.
• Risk Factors: Obesity, endocrine disorders.
• Symptoms: Hip or knee pain, limping, limited internal rotation.
• Management: Urgent surgical fixation with percutaneous screw placement.

4. Clubfoot (Talipes Equinovarus)

• Definition: Congenital foot deformity characterized by inward rotation.
• Treatment: Ponseti method (serial casting), Achilles tenotomy, bracing.

Geriatric Orthopaedics: Fall Prevention and Bone Health

1. Risk Factors for Falls in Older Adults

Falls are the leading cause of fractures and hospitalizations among the elderly. Risk factors
include:

• Muscle Weakness and Balance Deficits
• Poor Vision
• Medications Affecting Cognition or Blood Pressure
• Environmental Hazards (Loose Rugs, Poor Lighting)

2. Fall Prevention Strategies

• Home Modifications: Installing grab bars, removing clutter, improving lighting.