Page 29 - C:\Users\cbaro\OneDrive\Documents\Flip PDF Professional\Study Guide for the Orthopaedic Technology Certification Exams\

2. Inspection
o Visually assess the affected area for swelling, deformity, asymmetry, bruising, or
skin abnormalities.
o Evaluate for open wounds or signs of infection.
o Observe for muscle atrophy or abnormal posturing that may indicate chronic
injury or nerve damage.
3. Palpation
o Use gentle palpation to assess tenderness, swelling, and temperature changes.
o Identify any areas of crepitus, which may indicate fractures or joint abnormalities.
o Feel for bony landmarks to detect displacement or misalignment.
4. Range of Motion (ROM) Testing
o Assess both active (patient moves the limb) and passive (clinician moves the
limb) range of motion.
o Compare ROM to the uninjured side and normal anatomical function.
o Identify any restrictions, stiffness, or pain that may indicate ligamentous or joint
pathology.
5. Neurological Assessment
o Conduct sensory testing using light touch, pinprick, and temperature
differentiation.
o Evaluate motor function by testing muscle strength in key movements.
o Check deep tendon reflexes (e.g., patellar, Achilles) to assess nerve integrity.
o Identify any signs of nerve compression, such as numbness or weakness.
6. Circulatory Assessment
o Palpate distal pulses (e.g., dorsalis pedis, radial) to ensure adequate blood supply.
o Assess capillary refill time to evaluate vascular perfusion.
o Monitor for signs of compartment syndrome, including increased pain, swelling,
and diminished pulses.
7. Special Tests for Joint and Ligament Integrity
o Perform specific orthopaedic tests to assess ligamentous and joint stability:
▪ Anterior Drawer Test (ACL integrity in the knee)
▪ McMurray Test (meniscal injuries)
▪ Thompson Test (Achilles tendon rupture)
▪ Phalen’s Test (carpal tunnel syndrome)
o Use stress testing to identify partial or complete ligament tears.
8. Weight-Bearing and Functional Testing
o Assess gait patterns to detect limping or asymmetry in movement.
o Perform balance and coordination tests if neurological involvement is suspected.
o Evaluate functional movements such as squatting, lifting, or gripping to assess
impairment levels.

Importance of a Comprehensive Examination

• Enhances accuracy in diagnosing musculoskeletal injuries.
• Helps determine the need for imaging studies, such as X-rays or MRIs.