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m Adjectives (3) 80 p68 traditional following the ways of behaving that haven't
changed for a long time: The people in the village wore
towns/cities people food weather
traditional clothes for the festival .
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industrial welcoming tasty wet relaxed /n'lrekst/ not worried or stressed: People who live in
• • •
cosmopolitan helpful delicious windy the country are often more relaxed .
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polluted relaxed spicy dry reserved /n'z3:vd/ you don't show your feelings to other
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modern reserved healthy freezing people: People often say British people are quite reserved.
. . •
touristy (healthy) bland changeable sociable /'s.:mJabl/ like being with people and enjoy meeting
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traditional sociable traditional new people: People in Dublin are very sociable.
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traditional tasty with a nice taste: This soup is very tasty .
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delicious /d1l!Jas/ very tasty: Those little cakes are delicious!
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spicy /spa1si/ with strong flavours from spices: Indian food is
industrial with a lot of factories and other industry: Detroit is very spicy.
an industrial city. bland with very little flavour (usually negative):/ liked the hotel,
cosmopolitan full of people, restaurants, shops, etc. from but the food was a bit bland.
different countries: London's a very cosmopolitan city. freezing extremely cold: It's freezing here in winter.
modern new and using the latest ideas, designs, etc. : Dubai is changeable the weather changes quickly and often: In April
a very modern city. the weather is quite changeable.
touristy with a lot of tourists and things for tourists to buy or
do (usually negative): It's a nice town, but it's a bit touristy.
TIP • We can also use hot to mean spicy: That chilli sauce is
really hot!

I I' .,1 I
.....

• . .
industrial modern touristy freezing
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m Present Perfect with for and since FOR AND SINCE

BA · p62 • We use for with a period of time (how long): We've been
• We use the Past Simple to talk about something that started married for twelve years.
and finished in the past: Before I moved here I lived in have been married for 12 years
Glasgow for eight years. (I don't live in Glasgow now). ______ __ .,.
1· ~~ ·1 >
lived past 12 years ago NOW future

• We use since with a point in time (when something started):
We've lived in our motorhome since 2008.
past 14 years ago 6 years ago NOW future
since 2008 have lived
• We use the Present Perfect to talk about something that
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-
·
1-
started in the past and continues in the present: I've lived ~ .............___-+---_--_-->
here for six years. (I started living here six years ago and I still
live here now). past 2008 NOW future
have lived TIPS• We can also use for with the Past Simple: I lived in
1· ·1--------> Germany for two years. (but I don't live there now). We can't use
I since with the Past Simple: I Hv'Cd in Germany since 2009.

past 14 years ago 6 years ago NOW future • We can also use the negative form of the Present Perfect with
for and since: I haven't been there since 2010. She hasn't
TIPS• For how to make the Present Perfect positive and
negative, and past participles of regular verbs, see •ttt..,;"'t!1"'M"'1~"fflll!ll;i"·l .. t . seen him for two weeks.
• We don't use ago with the Present Perfect: I've been married
• For past participles of irregular verbs, see the Irregular
for two years. not /\'C been married since two }'Cars ago.
Verb List, p167.
• ages= a long time: I haven't seen him for ages .

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