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of the resolutions of the Security Council of July 14 and The fact that it was so quickly withdrawn indicated lack of
22, 1960." 50 support for its presence. The Congo operation resulted in
On November 27, 1961 regulations somewhat similar to a feeling by many states that the United Nations should
those for the United Nations Emergency Force in the not become directly involved in disputes through military
Middle East were adopted for the United Nations Force in intervention. It may be impossible not to support either
the Congo. The force included at its greatest extent one side or the other. Direct U.N. military intervention
20,000 soldiers from a number of participating nations. It has since that time remained on a low level as in the
remained in the Congo from July of 1960 until June of Cyprus situation. And while the United Nations has ac-
1964. The purpose of the force was to maintain law and tively debated almost every conflict which occurs in the
order, to prevent foreign intervention, and to help unify world, the major peace movements have taken place out-
the country. With United States support it was largely side of its control. The Vietnam war ended with an agree-
responsible for defeating the attempt of the province of ment negotiated mainly between the United States and
Katanga to be independent. After resistance in Katanga North Vietnam. 52 The latest Arab-Israeli hostilities were
had been eliminated, the U.N. force was withdrawn. This with an agreement between Egypt and Israel with the
proved to be premature. The leader of the Katanga reces- United States agreeing to station a small civilian force to
sionist movement, Thsombe, returned. A full-scale civil monitor the peace. 53 It seems that there is an increasing
war ensued. At one point, the United States supported tendency for peace keeping to take place either as the
Belgium in a paratroop operation to rescue several result of the individual relations of the parties involved or
hundred white persons held as hostages. 51 through the intervention of one of the great powers. This
(d) Other Situations and Future Prospects. does not mean that this tendency will continue, nor that
Another situation which should be mentioned was the any conflict situation should be examined without
creation of a United Nations peace-keeping force in reference to United Nations settlement requirements or
Cyprus in 1964. This force was never, however, made effort.
large enough to accomplish any other purpose than con- The fact that the United Nations may take effective action
tributing to the negotiation between the rival parties. Due in the future remains a definite possibility. Also, the
to negative reaction against the Congo operation, the United Nations seems to be taking an increasingly impor-
U.N. force in Cyprus was deliberately kept small to avoid tant role in the settlement of disputes by its influence on
taking any side in the conflict. Firepower was not used ex- world opinion as to when force may or may not be
cept for self-defense. Meanwhile, the United Nations justified on the part of a state. After many years of study,
called for negotiation and settlement. It was to no avail. the United Nations issued, in 1974, Resolution 3314,
Turkey intervened and partitioned the island by force. A which defined Aggression. It has also issued many other
final settlement is still awaited. resolutions, such as Resolution 2625 on The Principles of
The Korean situation was an example of the fact that International Law concerning Friendly Relations and Co-
effective action could be taken where enough of the mem- Operation Among States (Adopted in 1970). The study of
bers of the United Nations support it. While the fact that these resolutions involve the legality of the use of force
the USSR was not present in the Security Council to block and should be studied in detail in relation to the law of
initial action may be unique, the Uniting for Peace war. However, it has become a function of the United Na-
Resolution still stands as a possible means for the United tions to define and interpret rules of international law even
Nations to take military action to keep the peace even though it cannot make law. If the member states are con-
where the members of the Security Council disagree. To vinced of the illegality of the acts of any particular state, all
what extent it will act in the future is doubtful. of the peace keeping powers enumerated in the Charter
In the Suez, United Nations intervention was only effec- may be utilized.
tive while the support remained to keep the force there.

Section 11. THE INTERNATN )NAL COURT OF JUSTICE
9-4. The Judges of the Court. The Court consists of 15 51. See "The Question of the Congo" in Everyman's Unigd Na-
judges, elected for nine-year terms no two of whom are tions. supra, n. 1 at 143.
nationals of the same state. 54 Vacancies are faed by a 52. Agreement on Ending the War in Vietnam, 1973, United
States - North Vietnam, 24 U.S.T. 1, T.I.A.S. No. 7542.
complicated procedure. The Secretary General of the
53. Peace Agreement and U.S. Proposal, 1975, Fgypt-Israel, in
United Nations addresses a written request to the mem- Dept. of State Bull. LXXIII, No. 1982, Sep. 29, 1975, pp. 466-470.
bers of the Permanent Court of Arbitration inviting them 54. Stat. Int'l Ct. Just. art. 3, para. 1.
to nominate candidates for the position. 55 Each state 55. Stat. Int'l Ct. Just. art. 5, para. 1. The Permanent Court of Ar-
bitration was formed in 1899. It is not a court in the institutional sense
group on the Permanent Court of Arbitration nominates of the term, but rather a list of from 150 to 200 persons from whom a
not more than two persons if one seat is to be fded. If panel of arbitrators may be selected. Panels drawn from this list have
handled 20 cases, many of which were extremely important. The Court,
50. U.N. Doc. S/4389, Add. 5 (1960). though not used since 1940, is still in existence.