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65 Wang Gungwu 1998, 318–19. 80 Sun Laichen 2003, 501–6.
66 Chao Zhongchen 1995, 348–51. 81 MS, 8325.
67 Chao Zhongchen 1995, 349–51. 82 MSJSBM 1997, 349. The figure given in this source for the weapons
68 For a biography of Lê Lợi, see DMB, 793–7. is over twenty million, but that must be due to a copyist’s error. See
69 See the discussion in Lorge 2008, 7–10. Also see Sun Laichen 2003, Wang Yuan-kang 2011, 153.
495–7. 83 On the acquisition of exotic animals as manifestations of imperial
70 For the classic formulation of the Military Revolution thesis in power, see Robinson 2013b, 288–303.
relation to the West, see Parker 1996. On the relationship of 84 Li Bin 1995, 151–2; Sun Laichen 2006, 89–91.
military efficacy to state formation see Tilly 1990. 85 Sun Laichen 2006, 91–3.
71 Lorge 2008, 9. 86 Sun Laichen 2008, 86–7.
72 On the institutional and cultural fronts see Whitmore 1985 and 87 Sun Laichen 2006, 91–2.
Woodside 1988. On Chinese military influence on Vietnam and 88 Li Bin 1995, 156.
vice versa see Sun Laichen 2006. 89 Long Wenbin 1998, 1188.
73 Sun Laichen 2006, 79–80. 90 Sun Laichen 2006, 95.
74 GQ: Tan Qian 1978, 979. 91 Sun Laichen 2006, 98–105.
75 Whitmore 1985, 112. 92 Sun Laichen 2008, 76–7.
76 Chao Zhongchen 1995, 351. On continued Ming dispatches of 93 Whitmore 1985, 129–30.
troops and the debates surrounding the efficacy of such policies, 94 Sun Laichen 2008, 79.
see Zheng Yongchang 1997, 71–82. 95 Lorge 2008, 21.
77 Whitmore 1985, 84, and Lo Jung-pang 1970, 171. 96 Wade 2005a, 51–5.
78 Quoted in Sun Laichen 2006, 77. Translation slightly modified. 97 On the defeat as a blow to Ming prestige, see Lo Jung-pang 1970,
79 Sun Laichen 2006, 88. 154.

Causes and Consequences of the Ming Intervention in Vietnam in the Early Fifteenth Century | 45