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c. Structures are sequenced by means of contrastive
analysis and taught one at a time.

d. Structural patterns are taught using repetitive drills.

e. There is little or no grammatical explanation.

Grammar is taught by inductive analogy rather than
deductive explanation.

f. Vocabulary is strictly limited and learned in context.

g. There is much use of tapes, language labs, and visual
aids.

h. Great importance is attached to pronunciation.

i. Very little use of the mother tongue by teachers is

permitted.
j. Successful responses are immediately reinforced.

k. There is great effort to get students to produce error-free

utterances.
l. There is a tendency to manipulate language and disregard

content.

Kumaravadivelu (2006: 106-107) has summarized the

characteristics of audio-lingual method in terms of three “Ps” -

presentation, practice, and production.

At the presentation stage, the already selected and graded

linguistic items are introduced through a carefully constructed

dialogue that contains several examples of the new items. The

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