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11bottling soda or making malt extract for baking.45 These remaining breweries continued to consolidate or close before 1982, in part because they could not serve customers directly. However, beginning with New Albion, Jack McAuliffe would charge visitors for a sample of his beer.46The emerging breweries did not have the money or manpower to distribute far afield as they brewed small batches in used dairy equipment or grundy tanks. Grundy tanks were 8.5-barrel tanks (263.5 gallons) that were distributed by large UK breweries to UK pubs to be large serving tanks that stored beer under pressure in the cellar. As UK pubs began using keg and bottles, they sold the used grundy tanks to US craft brewers who repurposed the tanks as kettles, fermenters, conditioning tanks, and serving tanks.47 By brewing in limited quantities, craft brewers could not compete with large breweries in economies of scale, so they relied on their superior product at a higher price. As Charlie Papazian said, %u201cWhat we were missing until the homebrewing revival and the emergence of small and independent craft brewers and their craft beers was, sadly, choice. The economics of mass marketing had indeed influenced what was offered.%u201d48 While craft brewers offered more choice of diverse beer styles, they were still limited in where they could sell their products. In 1982, that was about to change.