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with airway obstruction (A.K.A. brachycephalic airway behavior. A phenotype results from the expression of an organism’s
syndrome). Brachycephalic airway syndrome not only genetic
increases their risk for heath stroke, but also, complicates code, its genotype, as well as the influence of environmental factors and
anesthesia, surgery, and recovery8. Even in Chows with the interactions between the two.
normal palate, nares, trachea and laryngeal saccules, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenotype
intubation can have problems with intubation and recov- 5 Orthologs are genes in different species that evolved from a common
ery simply because they are brachycephalic7. Their large ancestral gene by speciation. Normally, orthologs retain the
head to body size and black pigment, can make it hard same function in the course of evolution. https://homepage.usask.
to choose the correct size endotracheal tube and place ca/~ctl271/857/def_homolog.shtml
quickly. Drs. Kennedy and 6 Deshpande D, Hill KE, Mealey KL, Chambers JP, Gieseg MA. The
Smith7 recommend oxygenation prior to induction and Effect of the Canine ABCB1-1Ä Mutation on Sedation after
during recovery and vigilance during the recovery phase. Intravenous Administration of Acepromazine. Journal of Veterinary
Internal Medicine. 2016;30(2):636-641. doi:10.1111/jvim.13827
Many of the same concerns regarding induc- 7 Kennedy MJ, Smith, LJ. Canine Breed-Specific Considerations for
tion are applicable to recovery from anesthesia. Anesthesia Everything you need to know about anesthesia and
Brachycephalic dogs should be extubated when how it affects the various dog breeds. Veterinary Practice News, 2014.
they will no longer tolerate the endotracheal tube. 8 Wondra S. Brachycephalic Dog Breeds Respiratory Problems in dogs.
Breathing through the endotracheal tube often 2018.
provides less resistance to air flow than a brachy- https://www.petcarerx.com/article/brachycephalic-dog-breeds/1337
cephalic dog’s upper airway, thus the work of
breathing is reduced by the endotracheal tube. Dr. Booth completed a B.S. in Animal Science and D.V.M.
at U. C., Davis, a residency in anatomic veterinary pathol-
Upon extubation the patient must be alert ogy at Harvard School of Medicine, and a Ph. D. in inter-
enough to provide the extra work required for cellular signaling in pathology concurrent with a research
fellowship in cardiovascular pathology at U.W., Seattle.
breathing once the tube is removed. These pa- Outside of her work in diagnostic and research veterinary
tients should be monitored closely after extuba- pathology, also works as a small animal clinical veteri-
tion since any residual sedation and muscle narian. She has been active in pure bred dogs and AKC
relaxation could potentially result in hypoventila- competitions since the 1980’s. She has shared her life with
tion, hypoxia and/or upper airway occlusion. Chow Chows and Chesapeake Bay Retrievers and has
competed with both breeds in conformation, obedience,
and rally competitions and previously with the CBR’s in
The anesthetist should be prepared to provide hunt tests. Her breeding program focuses on tempera-
oxygen supplementation via a mask until the ment, health, and structural soundness. She is also active
patient can maintain its hemoglobin saturation doing therapy dog work in the local community.
at 95 percent or greater without oxygen support.

Vigilance during the post-operative recovery phase
of anesthesia and surgery cannot be overstated and is
something I follow with my own Chows and veterinary
patients.

1 Murayama, T. , Kurebayashi, N. , Ogawa, H. , Yamazawa, T. , Oya-
mada, H. , Suzuki, J. , Kanemaru, K. , Oguchi, K. , Iino, M. and
Sakurai, T. (2016), Genotype–Phenotype Correlations of Malignant
Hyperthermia and Central Core Disease Mutations in the Central
Region of the RYR1 Channel. Human Mutation, 37: 1231-1241.
doi:10.1002/humu.23072
2 Rosenberg H, Davis M, James D, Pollock N, Stowell K. Malignant
hyperthermia. Orphanet Journal of Rare Diseases. 2007;2:21.
doi:10.1186/1750-1172-2-21.
3 Neff MW, Robertson KR, Wong AK, Safra N, Broman KW, Slatkin M,
Mealey KL, Pedersen NC. Breed distribution and history
of canine mdr1-1Ä, a pharmacogenetic mutation that marks the emer-
gence of breeds from the collie lineage. Proceedings of the National
Academy of Sciences Aug 2004, 101 (32) 11725-11730; DOI: 10.1073/
pnas.0402374101
4 A phenotype is the composite of an organism’s observable character-
istics or traits, such as its morphology, development,
biochemical or physiological properties, behavior, and products of
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