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+RZ WR XVH WKH ERRN

1. All butterflies in the colour plates are depicted in their
natural size, upperside (on left) and underside (on right).
The gender symbol is shown above each butterfly with the Distribution map %XWWHUÁLHV
actual biotope for each taxon shown in the background. Name of the Authority Established
2. In this volume, each of the subfamilies is identified by and year of description distribution
a different colour between orange and /// Colour

3. The distribution maps feature: 1) Permanent by 6FLHQWLÀF Seasonal/
Temporary/Migrant
occupation, shown in red. 2) Temporary incursions family name
(migrations) or historic occurrences are shown in faint Common name of the Levant
red. 3) A question mark indicates possible occurrence
(usually used between known populations). 4) A dotted Pseudochazara mniszechii (Herrich-Schäffer, [1851]) Tawny Rockbrown IUCN
conservation
line marks anticipated expansion or possible presence. category
Pseudochazara mniszechii in the Levant is known only
5) Black arrows indicate small localities or point to the from the Amanos Mts., S Turkey, were it is common. Fly
in dry rocky areas (Atahan et al., 2018: 86), on 24 June
DW .L]LOGDø P 6 $PDQRV 0W LW ZDV Á\LQJ LQ RSHQ Behaviour
species’ occurrence beyond the range of the distribution FOHDULQJV RI EODFN SLQH IRUHVW '% 2ÀU 7RPHU SHUV REV modules and nearby areas
UHSRUWHG E\ 7X]RY LQ ´GU\ FOD\H\ VWRQ\ VORSHVµ
$GXOWV WDNH QHFWDU IURP WKH ÁRZHUV RI Carduus nutans,
map. Maps were based on data gleaned from literature Echinops pungens, Onopdrum anatolicum (Hesselbarth et
al Centaurea VSS (Asteraceae) and Silene
compacta &DU\RSK\OODFHDH adult Life-cycle
9
9

1

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

egg
and butterfly collections (private and museum), Biology lar v a 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 8 9 10 1 1 12 activity
pupa
correspondence with professional lepidopterists and the Flight period: -XQH 6HSWHPEHU IURP WR P periods.
(Atahan et al., -XO\ $XJXVW IURP WR P
authors’ data banks (DB and 4D MicroRobotics for the 7X]RY
Life history: XQLYROWLQH WKH HJJV DUH ODLG VLQJO\ DQG DUH
Eastern Mediterranean and Egypt, EJ for Cyprus). ZKLWH EDUUHO VKDSHG ZLWK YHUWLFDO ULEV / KDWFKHV DIWHU black margins
GD\V FD PP ORQJ OLJKW EURZQ ZLWK VSDUVH ZKLWH KDLUV
DQG D GDUN PLG GRUVDO VWULS 7KH ODUYDH IHHG DW QLJKW 'XULQJ
4. Life-cycle periods are shown for adult, egg, larval and the day they hide at the base of the LHP. The mature larva indicate aestivation
LV FKXQN\ PP ORQJ JUH\LVK EURZQ ZLWK PLG GRUVDO
OLQH RI EODFN VHJPHQWV VXE GRUVDO ZKLWLVK EDQGV ZLWK WLQ\
pupal stages. Dark green indicates known activity, light UHGGLVK VKRUW VWULSV DQG ORQJLWXGLQDO VLGH EOXLVK JUH\ EURDG or diapausing
VWULSV IRXU RI WKHP SURFHHG RQ WKH IRUHKHDG 7KH VKRUW WDLOV
periods.
DUH RII ZKLWH 3XSDWLRQ WDNHV SODFH D IHZ FP EHORZ VXUIDFH LQ
green estimated (or data from outside the Levant) and VRIW VRLO 7KH SXSD LV OLJKW UHGGLVK EURZQ 7KH DGXOW HFORVHG Southern Turkey, Cyprus, Syria, Lebanon, Israel,
after 4 weeks (Hesselbarth et al
dark green with black margins, diapausing/aestivation Recorded hostplants: Poaceae (Gramineae) - Festuca ovina Natural
(Atahan et al., 2018: 86). Poa annua, P. pratensis (Tuzov,

periods. Our data is based upon (known) past and present Distribution biotope Jordan, Egypt, Sinai & North-West Saudi Arabia
records but, as elsewhere in the world, a changing climate 7/ ´9RQ 7RNDW LQ .OHLQDVLHQµ $QDWROLD 7XUNH\ 'LVWULEXWHG ‹ 'XEL %HQ\DPLQL
IURP 1 *UHHFH WR 7XUNH\ 6 *HRUJLD $UPHQLD DQG 1 ,UDQ
1D]DUL DEVHQW IURP 6\ULD /HEDQRQ ,VUDHO
may influence the timing of life-cycle events in the future; &\SUXV -RUGDQ DQG 6LQDL 7KH QRPLQRW\SLFDO VVS ÁLHV LQ WKH Life-cycle
Levant.
in short winters, adults may hatch weeks or even months © Adam Warecki © Adam Warecki © Adam Warecki stages and
ahead of their known past records. hostplant(s)
5. Despite major efforts by the author in attempting to
© Adam Warecki © Adam Warecki
breed all butterflies found in the Levant, several are male &
rare, are recent arrivals, or pose problematic access female
to their breeding areas. Nothing is presented for those in nature
species where early stages are unknown (e.g.), but on a © Adam Warecki ‹ 2ILU 7RPHU ‹ 0HKHPHW *ƺO
few occasions where early stages are known for another 118
subspecies (or a similar species) we use alternative Male Female
photographs, denoting these with a narrow dark frame.
6. The sample page on right provides explanations for Vol. III
titles and notations. 1\PSKDOLGDH
Underside
Libytheinae, Danainae, Chraxinae,
Upperside
Satyrinae, Limenitidinae, Bibilidinae,
$EEUHYLDWLRQV XVHG IRU KRVWSODQW SUHIHUHQFHV
[M] - main/preferred; [C] - cultivated; [S] - southern arid areas; [?] - possible hostplant; [L] - captivity, lab. Heliconiinae, Nympalinae,
,QWHUQDWLRQDO 8QLRQ IRU &RQVHUYDWLRQ RI 1DWXUH ,8&1 5HG /LVW &DWHJRULHV
In this series of books (Vols. I-IV), we adopt the IUCN listings of
conservation categories as defined in van Swaay et al. (2010). Regionally Extinct Least Concern
Of 11 denotations, we use nine including:
‘'Regionally Extinct’ (RE), ‘Critically Endangered’ (CR), Critically Endangered Data Deficient
‘Endangered’ (EN), ‘Vulnerable’ (VU), ‘Near Threatened’ (NT), Dubi Benyamini
‘Least Concern’ (LC), ‘Data Deficient’ (DD), ‘Not Applicable’ Endangered Not Applicable
(NA) and ‘Not Evaluated’ (NE).
English editors: Eddie John & Arthur M. Shapiro
We use categories as defined in Numa et al. (2016) for those Vulnerable Not Evaluated
Mediterranean butterflies found in the Levant, showing these in
black, e.g. ‘LC’. However, where the conservation status in the Least Concern Design Leah Benyamini
(Mediterranean
Levant (specifically Israel) differs, we follow that given in the Near Threatened assessment)
Israeli Red List Assessment (in prep.) denoting this in green, Mediterranean assessment (Numa et al., 2016) – in black lettering.
the colour used also for non-Mediterranean species, e.g. ‘LC’. Levant (Israeli Red Book) assessment – in green lettering.
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