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1\PSKDOLGDH ² 6QRXWV 7LJHUV 0RQDUFKV 3DVKDV %URZQV +HDWKV 0DUEOHG :KLWHV *UD\OLQJV
of the Levant
+HUPLWV 6DW\UV 5LQJOHWV )ULWLOODULHV $GPLUDOV -RNHUV 3DLQWHG ODGLHV &RPPDV 3DQVLHV DQG (JJIOLHV

With about 531 genera and over 6000 known species, resting insect. In Satyrinae eye-spots on the wing used to
this is the largest butterfly family in the world, Found in misdirect predators attacks to less vital parts of the body,
all continents except Antarctica. The main characteristic and in some species hearing organs alert adults roosting and nearby areas
of this family is the reduced pair of forelegs in the adult in crevasses and cave entrances. In Danainae toxins from
insect. the LHP make the adults unpalatable or toxic, advertised
It is the second largest butterfly family in the Levant by aposematic coloration.
(after Lycaenidae) with 79 species + 3 possible species /DUYDO GHIHQFH - Cryptic colouration is common; many
belonging to 7 subfamilies, some of which used to be enclose themselves in the leaf-pod or similar shelter;
treated as separate families. Together with subspecies we some are nocturnal feeder (especially Satyrinae) that hide
have 95 Taxa. + 3 possible species. during the day. In Danainae toxins from the LHP make the
larvae unpalatable or toxic, advertised by their aposematic
coloration.
+RVWSODQWV - Varies among the subfamilies:
3DUDVLWRLGV - Chalcidoidae: Brachymeria cf. albicrus on
/LE\WKHLQDH – mainly Ulmaceae; Danaus chrysippus and Pteromalus puparum on Danaus
'DQDLQDH – mainly Apocynaceae; chrysippus and Vannesa cardui. Braconidae: Cotesia cf.
&KDUD[LQDH – Ericaceae, Salvadoraceae and Santalaceae; acuminata, C. cf. melitaearum and C. lycophron parasites
6DW\ULQDH – mainly Poaceae; of Melitaea species, C. vanessae and C. vestalis recorded
+HOLFRQLLQDH – mainly Violaceae, on V. cardui.
Scrophulariaceae, and Plantaginaceae;
/LPHQLWLQDH – Caprifoliaceae and Euphorbiaceae; 0LJUDWLRQ - Danaus chrysippus and Vanessa cardui
1\PSKDOLQDH – mainly Malvaceae, Urticaceae, migrate northward throughout spring and summer, the Vol. III
Ulmaceae, Asteraceae, Acanthaceae, Verbenaceae, and later sometime form mass migration when millions Nymphalidae
Portulacaceae. specimens pass through the Levant after population
explosion build-up in N Negev or the Arabian peninsula
(JJV - Laid singly, in small clusters, large clusters, in a following a particular rainy winter. V. atalanta arrive in
mass communal laying of hundreds of eggs; or the eggs autumn, overwinter and fly back northwards in spring.
are scattered from the air. The eggs varied in shapes from Stray individuals of the afrotropical species Junonia hierta,
spherical to barrel-shape or a flat-top cone; smooth, rigged J. orythia and Hypolimnas misippus penetrate the Levant
or with protrusions. irregularly following extreme weather events.
Larvae - Usually with bristles or flashy protrusions; those &RQVHUYDWLRQ - The recent updated list of butterfly
of Satyrinae and Charaxinae are usually smooth, have a conservation assessments in Israel was prepared by
“fork” at the end of the abdomen and may have “horns” Renan et al., (scheduled for publication in 2022).
on the head.
42 Nymphalid species in Israel include 15 species (36%) in
Pupae - Is usually of the pendulum type, in Satyrinae the Least Concern (LC) category; meaning that only ~ one
sometimes in a loosely formed cocoon among leaf litter or third of the Israeli Nymphalids are not threated or cannot
underground. be assessed (DD & NA). It is the smallest LC number of all
'LDSDXVH - Usually as larva, rarely as an adult. Israeli butterfly families. It also alerts us that 18 species
(43%) are in threatened categories; Vulnerable (VU) to
$GXOW GHIHQFH - Most species are agile flayer. Many have Regionally Extinct (RE); more than any other butterfly
cryptic colours on the wings underside that camouflage the family in Israel.

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