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categories are given in accordance with the Israeli Red List Assessment.
RI ,VUDHO·V EXWWHUÁLHV KDYH EHHQ SURWHFWHG E\ ODZ VLQFH 7KLV V\PERO GHQRWHV SURWHFWHG VSHFLHV
Other species in strong decline also need attention; this symbol proposes that the Israeli Ministry of
Environmental Protection adds them to the list of protected species.
Rare species in the Levant (outside Israel) that needs attention; it is recommended to the local authorities to
add them to their lists of protected species.

Turkey 0LJUDWRU\ )RUPV :H XVH IRXU W\SHV RI PLJUDWLRQ UDQJH H[SDQVLRQ DV FODVVLÀHG E\ (LWVFKEHUJHU et al. (1991)
¶(XPLJUDWLRQ· (Seasonal migrants 1st order) ‘Populations of butterfly species that … leave their breeding grounds and travel
Hatay to specific areas [to breed further] … their offspring migrate back to the original breeding area to reproduce’, e.g. Vanessa cardui.

Syria ¶3DUDPLJUDWLRQ· (Seasonal migrants 2nd order) ‘These are populations that at a specific time … leave their breeding ground
Cyprus
and travel to areas where they can survive … overwinter or oversummer [aestivate] … the same individuals migrate back to
breeding areas to breed’, e.g. overwintering Danaus plexippus in N America and summer aestivation of Hipparchia cypriensis in
Lebanon
Cyprus (John & Parker, 2002).
Iraq
¶(PLJUDWLRQ· (Emigrants) 'potential ... not periodic ... migrants ... [that] ... do not return to the original areas’, i.e. 'Migration
Israel Jordan is not a prerequisite for the maintenance of populations', e.g. Aporia crataegi, Catopsilia florella.

¶'LVPLJUDWLRQ· (Evasion) ‘suspected of being migratory, area expanders’, e.g. Papilio machaon, Gonepteryx cleopatra.
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%HKDYLRXU (WKRORJ\ Butterflies are among the most threatened insects in the living world and their behaviour
reflects their need for safer reproduction and survival. Aspects of butterfly behaviour receive detailed attention in Vol. I.
Egypt Saudi Arabia Where applicable in Vols. II - IV, we indicate their eight most recognized modes of behaviour. These are:
&RPPXQDO URRVWLQJ where butterflies remain inactive 0XG 3XGGOLQJ ingestion of water, nutrients and minerals from
in a group on bare ground or vegetation, reducing risk of wet or urine-impregnated soil or mud.
Hejaz
predation by means of the dilution effect.
Core Levant /RFDO 6SHFLHV sedentary species strongly associated with 7HUULWRULDOLW\ where males, while awaiting the arrival of females,
their hostplant. select a perch and defend territories against intruders.
Nearby areas
Group 1HFWDULQJ ZKHUH EXWWHUÁLHV RI WKH VDPH RU +LOOWRSSLQJ a mate-location activity where males of some
GLIIHUHQW VSHFLHV DJJUHJDWH RQ D VLQJOH ÁRZHU KHDG UHGXFLQJ ULVN species occupy peaks of hills, mountains, ridges and other high
of predation by means of the dilution effect. places while awaiting the arrival of virgin females.

)UXLW 3XGGOLQJ 7UHH VDS IHHGLQJ ingestion of 5DYLQLQJ a mate location behaviour involving the occupying of
liquids from fresh, rotten or fermenting fruits and/or tree sap. ‘territories’ at the bottom of ravines, by males of some species.
Publisher: 4D MicroRobotics Ltd.
P.O. Box 91 Beit-Arye 7194700 Israel.

Vol. III - First published Dec. 2021. 0\UPHFRSKLO\ $VVRFLDWLRQ Eighty-six species of lycaenid account for 34% of the ca. 254 Levant butterfly
species; most are associated with ants. Their larvae and pupae are involved in a wide range of chemical and acoustic
Copyright © Dubi & Leah Benyamini / 4D MicroRobotics Ltd. Israel, Dec. 2021 relationships, from light commensalic interactions to intermittent facultative, obligatory and parasitic associations, all
used to manipulate ants. A detailed account is given in Vol. I dedicated to the Biology of the Butterflies.
Copyright © of the photographs remains with the photographers.
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be produced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted &RPPHQVDOLF while commensalism is defined as a ‘symbiotic relationship between two species in which one derives benefit from a
in any form or by any means electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior common food supply whilst the other is not adversely affected’ (Lincoln & Boxshall, 1990), it is still unclear if this category truly exists in ant/
permission of the publisher. lycaenid myrmecophily (Fiedler, 1991).
)DFXOWDWLYH ‘larvae are ... intermittently associated with ants ... and do not require attendant ants for survival under field conditions’
ISBN: 978-965-92822-0-3 (Pierce et al., 2002). This is the most common form of mutualistic relationship associated with ant/lycaenid larvae, and is found in more
than 50% of the Levant's blues (see Vols. I & IV).
Author: Dubi Benyamini (email: dubi_ben@netvision.net.il). 0XWXDOLVWLF where each partner benefits from interaction with the other. Most facultative associations appear mutualistic (modified
Preliminary design: Eran Benyamini (email: eranben@gmail.com) from Pierce et al., 2002).
Design: Leah Benyamini (leahben57@gmail.com) 2EOLJDWRU\ where ‘immatures are invariably associated with ants during at least some portion of the life-cycle and are dependent on
ants for survival under field conditions. These include both mutualistic and parasitic species’ (Pierce et al., 2002). In the Levant, this is
9LVLW RXU ZHEVLWHV ZZZ EXWWHUÁ\JDUGHQLQJ FR LO known in the larvae of three Apharitis spp.: A. acamas, A. cilissa and A. myrmecophila that must complete larval growth inside nests of e.g.
https://agudatparpar.wixsite.com/aguda (Israeli Lepidopterist’s Society, in Hebrew) Crematogaster spp. Ants feed the larvae with their regurgitated material in an act of trophallaxis.
3DUDVLWLF where ‘larvae ... prey on ant's grubs’ inside ant nests (Fiedler, 1991). In the Levant, known partially only in larvae of Apharitis
acamas within nests of Crematogaster spp. and possibly other ant genera (see Vols. I & IV for detailed explanations).

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