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 1. All butterflies in the colour plates are depicted in their
 natural size, upperside (on left) and underside (on right).
 The gender symbol is shown above each butterfly with the   Distribution map  %XWWHUÁLHV
 actual biotope for each taxon shown in the background.    Name of the Authority           Established
 2. In this volume, each of the subfamilies is identified by   and year of description  distribution
 a different colour between orange and ///  Colour

 3. The distribution maps feature: 1) Permanent   by   6FLHQWLÀF           Seasonal/
 Temporary/Migrant
 occupation, shown in red. 2) Temporary incursions   family  name
 (migrations) or historic occurrences are shown in faint   Common name  of the Levant
 red. 3) A question mark indicates possible occurrence
 (usually used between known populations). 4) A dotted   Pseudochazara mniszechii (Herrich-Schäffer, [1851])  Tawny Rockbrown  IUCN
 conservation
 line marks anticipated expansion or possible presence.   category
 Pseudochazara mniszechii in the Levant is known only
 5) Black arrows indicate small localities or point to the   from the Amanos Mts., S Turkey, were it is common. Fly
 in dry rocky areas  (Atahan et al., 2018: 86), on 24 June
      DW  .L]LOGDø       P 6 $PDQRV 0W LW ZDV Á\LQJ LQ RSHQ   Behaviour
 species’ occurrence beyond the range of the distribution   FOHDULQJV RI EODFN SLQH IRUHVW  '%   2ÀU 7RPHU SHUV  REV      modules  and nearby areas
 UHSRUWHG E\  7X]RY             LQ ´GU\ FOD\H\ VWRQ\ VORSHVµ
 $GXOWV  WDNH  QHFWDU  IURP  WKH  ÁRZHUV  RI  Carduus nutans,
 map. Maps were based on data gleaned from literature   Echinops pungens, Onopdrum anatolicum (Hesselbarth et
 al                  Centaurea VSS  (Asteraceae) and Silene
 compacta  &DU\RSK\OODFHDH                            adult  Life-cycle
 9
 9

 1



 1    2    3    4    5    6    7    8    9   10  11  12


                       egg
 and butterfly collections (private and museum),   Biology                lar v a  1    2    3    4    5     6  7  8  8     9   10  1    1  12  activity
          pupa
 correspondence with professional lepidopterists and the   Flight period:  -XQH     6HSWHPEHU   IURP        WR        P   periods.
 (Atahan et al.,              -XO\ $XJXVW IURP      WR      P
 authors’ data banks (DB and 4D MicroRobotics for the    7X]RY
 Life history:  XQLYROWLQH   WKH  HJJV  DUH  ODLG  VLQJO\  DQG  DUH
 Eastern Mediterranean and Egypt, EJ for Cyprus).  ZKLWH  EDUUHO VKDSHG ZLWK    YHUWLFDO ULEV  /  KDWFKHV DIWHU   black margins
      GD\V  FD   PP ORQJ  OLJKW EURZQ ZLWK VSDUVH ZKLWH KDLUV
 DQG D GDUN PLG GRUVDO VWULS  7KH ODUYDH IHHG DW QLJKW  'XULQJ
 4. Life-cycle periods are shown for adult, egg, larval and   the day they hide at the base of the LHP. The mature larva   indicate aestivation
 LV  FKXQN\          PP  ORQJ   JUH\LVK EURZQ   ZLWK  PLG GRUVDO
 OLQH RI EODFN VHJPHQWV  VXE GRUVDO ZKLWLVK EDQGV ZLWK WLQ\
 pupal stages. Dark green indicates known activity, light   UHGGLVK VKRUW VWULSV DQG ORQJLWXGLQDO VLGH EOXLVK JUH\ EURDG   or diapausing
 VWULSV  IRXU RI WKHP SURFHHG RQ WKH IRUHKHDG  7KH VKRUW WDLOV
 periods.
 DUH RII ZKLWH  3XSDWLRQ WDNHV SODFH D IHZ FP EHORZ VXUIDFH LQ
 green estimated (or data from outside the Levant) and   VRIW VRLO  7KH SXSD LV OLJKW UHGGLVK EURZQ  7KH DGXOW HFORVHG   Southern Turkey, Cyprus, Syria, Lebanon, Israel,
 after 4 weeks (Hesselbarth et al
 dark green with black margins, diapausing/aestivation   Recorded hostplants: Poaceae (Gramineae) - Festuca ovina   Natural
 (Atahan et al., 2018: 86). Poa annua, P. pratensis (Tuzov,

 periods. Our data is based upon (known) past and present   Distribution  biotope  Jordan, Egypt, Sinai & North-West Saudi Arabia
 records but, as elsewhere in the world, a changing climate   7/  ´9RQ 7RNDW LQ .OHLQDVLHQµ  $QDWROLD  7XUNH\   'LVWULEXWHG   ‹ 'XEL %HQ\DPLQL
 IURP  1   *UHHFH  WR  7XUNH\   6  *HRUJLD   $UPHQLD  DQG  1  ,UDQ
  1D]DUL                  DEVHQW  IURP  6\ULD   /HEDQRQ   ,VUDHO
 may influence the timing of life-cycle events in the future;   &\SUXV  -RUGDQ DQG 6LQDL   7KH QRPLQRW\SLFDO VVS  ÁLHV LQ WKH   Life-cycle
 Levant.
 in short winters, adults may hatch weeks or even months   © Adam Warecki  © Adam Warecki  © Adam Warecki  stages and
 ahead of their known past records.    hostplant(s)
 5. Despite major efforts by the author in attempting to
 © Adam Warecki  © Adam Warecki
 breed all butterflies found in the Levant, several are   male &
 rare, are recent arrivals, or pose problematic access   female
 to their breeding areas. Nothing is presented for those   in nature
 species where early stages are unknown (e.g.), but on a   © Adam Warecki  ‹ 2ILU 7RPHU  ‹ 0HKHPHW *ƺO
 few occasions where early stages are known for another   118
 subspecies (or a similar species) we use alternative   Male   Female
 photographs, denoting these with a narrow dark frame.
 6. The sample page on right provides explanations for   Vol. III
 titles and notations.                          1\PSKDOLGDH
 Underside
                            Libytheinae, Danainae, Chraxinae,
 Upperside
                          Satyrinae,  Limenitidinae, Bibilidinae,
 $EEUHYLDWLRQV XVHG IRU KRVWSODQW SUHIHUHQFHV
 [M] - main/preferred; [C] - cultivated; [S] - southern arid areas; [?] - possible hostplant; [L] - captivity, lab.  Heliconiinae, Nympalinae,
 ,QWHUQDWLRQDO 8QLRQ IRU &RQVHUYDWLRQ RI 1DWXUH  ,8&1  5HG /LVW &DWHJRULHV
 In this series of books (Vols. I-IV), we adopt the IUCN listings of
 conservation categories as defined in van Swaay et al. (2010).   Regionally Extinct  Least Concern
 Of 11 denotations, we use nine including:
 ‘'Regionally Extinct’ (RE), ‘Critically Endangered’ (CR),   Critically Endangered  Data Deficient
 ‘Endangered’ (EN), ‘Vulnerable’ (VU), ‘Near Threatened’ (NT),   Dubi Benyamini
 ‘Least Concern’ (LC), ‘Data Deficient’ (DD), ‘Not Applicable’   Endangered  Not Applicable
 (NA) and ‘Not Evaluated’ (NE).
                           English editors: Eddie John & Arthur M. Shapiro
 We use  categories as defined in Numa et al. (2016) for those   Vulnerable  Not Evaluated
 Mediterranean butterflies found in the Levant, showing these in
 black, e.g. ‘LC’. However, where the conservation status in the   Least Concern   Design Leah Benyamini
 (Mediterranean
 Levant (specifically Israel) differs, we follow that given in the   Near Threatened  assessment)
 Israeli Red List Assessment (in prep.) denoting this in green,   Mediterranean assessment (Numa et al., 2016) – in black lettering.
 the colour used also for non-Mediterranean species, e.g. ‘LC’.   Levant (Israeli Red Book) assessment – in green lettering.
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