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 grey with a black head and short hairs. Soon after it starts                                                                  21603-BRACHA-PARPAR - 21603-BRACHA-PARPAR | 9 - A | 22-01-02 | 12:34:18 | SR:-- | Cyan
 its “death walk” over the hairy leaf towards its tip, crawling   1 1 1
 over the “canopy” of the hairs - “forest” it paves its way
 with silk; this is the most dangerous and vulnerable part of
 the larval life because it is still exposed, without its frass-
 dress-camouflage hence not protected from its enemies
 (illustr. 4) and indeed on 19 August 2020 in Beit Arye only
 one of four (25%) L1s arrived safely to the leaf tip (DB
 breeding notes). After eating the leaf it bonds its frass-
 pellets gradually & irregularly along the body  (illustr. 5)
 creating a dirt-like appearance resulting in perfect frass-
 defence camouflage (illustr. 6) (see larval defence Vol
 I); Fox (2005) explained that the frass bonding material                          DGXOW
                         3
                            4
                               HJJ  1    2    3    4    5    6    7    8    9   10  11  12
 (in the European White Admiral) is “minute particles   © Dubi Benyamini                lar v a
  9
                  pupa
 of sticky liquid, exuding from the sliced epidermal leaf                                          © Adam Warecki
 cells”. Eating the soft tissues at the edge of the leaf in   1
 tiny “bays” on both sides of the leaf’s mid-vein, expose ~
 3.5-8 mm long bare mid-vein that becomes the rest point
 & safe refuge of the “camouflaged” larva, indeed when
 threatened it returns quickly to this “pier” (illustr. 7). L1 &
 L2 first and second moults take place usually in this safe
 place (Fox, 1996 & 2005; Eeles, 2019: 218 & DB breeding
 notes). On 10 September 2020 a bred 4.5 mm long grey   © Dubi Benyamini
 L2 that was threatened by DB’s camera lifted its body up
 from the 6th segment and lowered its head repeatedly in   2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
 pecking movements (illustr. 8). After two moults, the third
 instar, usually of the autumn brood hibernates until the
 following spring, sheltered in a hibernaculum built from
 a folded and sealed leaf, its petiole secured by silk to the
 hostplant stem (illustr. 9). However on 28 August 2020 in
 the authors breeding lab an L3 built a hibernaculum and
 started its overwintering hibernation about two months                                            © Adam Warecki
 ahead of normal time. Sometimes L2 (and not as usually
 L3) builds its hibernaculum in  L.  camilla (Poland, Adam
 Warecki, pers. comm. to DB). On reaching maturity, the
 larva is 27mm in length (30 mm when walking), green in
 colour, with white side stripes and along the back are five
 pairs of large ‘protrusions’ with reddish-brown branched
 spines in segments 2. 3, 5, 10 & 11 and five small spiny
 pairs in segments 4, 6, 7. 8. & 9 (illustr. 10). “J” shaped   © Adam Warecki
 suspended pre-pupa is 15-18 mm long, pupation takes
 place after ~ 24 hours. The pupa that mimics a dry leaf   © Dubi Benyamini
 is 16-19 mm long, brown-green with a hump on its back,   2
 it usually hatches at dawn after 7-10 days (8-21 days in
 France, Lafranchis  et al., 2015: 413). In DB’s breeding
 lab. in Beit Arye, on 17 November 2020 under direct sun                                           © Adam Warecki
 radiation a pupa thermoregulated its temperature by   © Adam Warecki  © Adam Warecki
 bending its body towards the sun to reduce its exposed
 silhouette (illustr. 11) - see also thermoregulation parag.
 in Vol I. From two eggs that were laid in Beit Arye within
 a few minutes apart and were bred together hatched a
 male one day before the female (protandry). Larsen found
 an adult inside a house in Beirut in 17 December and
 concluded that it “possibly hibernates as imago on the
 coast” (Larsen, 1974: 114).                      © Adam Warecki
 6\VWHPDWLFV DQG '1$ RI Limenitis reducta   L. camilla
 Lederer (1855), Nichole (1901) & Graves (1911) identified
 it as L. camilla, Graves (1925), Zerny (1932) and Ellison
 & Wiltshire (1939) changed it to Limenitis rivularis Scop.,
 but Hemming (1934) was first to allocate it to the right
 species as “Limenitis reducta  reducta Stgr. (1901)”.
 L.  reducta  herculeana Stichel, [1908] T.L. Dalmatia, S
 France is used for S Turkish & Cypriot White admirals and
 L. r. schiffermulleri [sic, correct name  schiffermuelleri]
 Higgins, 1933 is used for Lebanon, Syria, Israel & Jordan.
 © Dubi Benyamini                                 © Adam Warecki                                   © Adam Warecki

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 2Butterflies of the Levant danaidae satyridae.indd   144  12/30/2021   4:27:03 PM  2Butterflies of the Levant danaidae satyridae.indd   129  12/30/2021   4:26:15 PM
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