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          categories are given in accordance with the Israeli Red List Assessment.
                       RI ,VUDHO·V EXWWHUÁLHV KDYH EHHQ SURWHFWHG E\ ODZ VLQFH       7KLV V\PERO GHQRWHV SURWHFWHG VSHFLHV
                    Other species in strong decline also need attention; this symbol proposes that the Israeli Ministry of
                    Environmental Protection adds them to the list of protected species.
                         Rare species in the Levant (outside Israel) that needs attention; it is recommended to the local authorities to
                         add them to their lists of protected species.


 Turkey   0LJUDWRU\ )RUPV   :H XVH IRXU W\SHV RI PLJUDWLRQ UDQJH H[SDQVLRQ  DV FODVVLÀHG E\ (LWVFKEHUJHU et al. (1991)
                           ¶(XPLJUDWLRQ·  (Seasonal migrants 1st order) ‘Populations of butterfly species that … leave their breeding grounds and travel
 Hatay                     to specific areas [to breed further] … their offspring migrate back to the original breeding area to reproduce’, e.g. Vanessa cardui.

 Syria                     ¶3DUDPLJUDWLRQ·  (Seasonal migrants 2nd order) ‘These are populations that at a specific time … leave their breeding ground
 Cyprus
                           and travel to areas where they can survive … overwinter or oversummer [aestivate] … the same individuals migrate back to
                           breeding areas to breed’, e.g. overwintering Danaus plexippus in N America and summer aestivation of Hipparchia cypriensis in
 Lebanon
                           Cyprus (John & Parker, 2002).
 Iraq
                           ¶(PLJUDWLRQ·  (Emigrants) 'potential ... not periodic ... migrants ... [that] ... do not return to the original areas’, i.e. 'Migration
 Israel  Jordan            is not a prerequisite for the maintenance of populations', e.g. Aporia crataegi, Catopsilia florella.
 n
                           ¶'LVPLJUDWLRQ·  (Evasion) ‘suspected of being migratory, area expanders’, e.g. Papilio machaon, Gonepteryx cleopatra.
 Sinai


          %HKDYLRXU  (WKRORJ\   Butterflies are among the most threatened insects in the living world and their behaviour
          reflects their need for safer reproduction and survival. Aspects of butterfly behaviour receive detailed attention in Vol. I.
 Egypt  Saudi Arabia   Where  applicable in Vols. II - IV, we indicate their eight most recognized modes of behaviour. These are:
                  &RPPXQDO URRVWLQJ   where butterflies remain inactive   0XG 3XGGOLQJ  ingestion of water, nutrients and minerals from
                  in a group on bare ground or vegetation, reducing risk of   wet or urine-impregnated soil or mud.
 Hejaz
                  predation by means of the dilution effect.
 Core Levant      /RFDO 6SHFLHV   sedentary species strongly associated with   7HUULWRULDOLW\   where males, while awaiting the arrival of females,
                  their hostplant.                              select a perch and defend territories against intruders.
 Nearby areas
                  Group 1HFWDULQJ   ZKHUH EXWWHUÁLHV RI WKH VDPH RU   +LOOWRSSLQJ  a mate-location activity where males of some
                  GLIIHUHQW VSHFLHV DJJUHJDWH RQ D VLQJOH ÁRZHU KHDG UHGXFLQJ ULVN   species occupy peaks of hills, mountains, ridges and other high
                  of predation by means of the dilution effect.   places while awaiting the arrival of virgin females.
 Publisher: 4D MicroRobotics Ltd.
 P.O. Box 91 Beit-Arye 7194700 Israel.  )UXLW 3XGGOLQJ 7UHH VDS IHHGLQJ  ingestion of    5DYLQLQJ   a mate location behaviour involving the occupying of
                  liquids from fresh, rotten or fermenting fruits and/or tree sap.  ‘territories’ at the bottom of ravines, by males of some species.
 Vol. III - First published Dec. 2021.

 Copyright © Dubi & Leah Benyamini / 4D MicroRobotics Ltd.  Israel, Dec. 2021  0\UPHFRSKLO\  $VVRFLDWLRQ   Eighty-six species of lycaenid account for 34% of the ca. 254 Levant butterfly
           species; most are associated with ants. Their larvae and pupae are involved in a wide range of chemical and acoustic
 Copyright © of the photographs remains with the photographers.  relationships, from light commensalic interactions to intermittent facultative, obligatory and parasitic associations, all
           used to manipulate ants. A detailed account is given in Vol. I dedicated to the Biology of the Butterflies.
 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be produced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted
 in any form or by any means electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior
 permission of the publisher.  &RPPHQVDOLF  while commensalism is defined as a ‘symbiotic relationship between two species in which one derives benefit from a
                   common food supply whilst the other is not adversely affected’ (Lincoln & Boxshall, 1990), it is still unclear if this category truly exists in ant/
 ISBN: 978-965-92822-1-0  lycaenid myrmecophily (Fiedler, 1991).
                   )DFXOWDWLYH  ‘larvae are ... intermittently associated with ants ... and do not require attendant ants for survival under field conditions’
 Author: Dubi Benyamini (email: dubi_ben@netvision.net.il).  (Pierce et al., 2002). This is the most common form of mutualistic relationship associated with ant/lycaenid larvae, and is found in more
 Preliminary design: Eran Benyamini (email: eranben@gmail.com)  than 50% of the Levant's blues (see Vols. I & IV).
 Design: Leah Benyamini (leahben57@gmail.com)   0XWXDOLVWLF   where each partner benefits from interaction with the other. Most facultative associations appear mutualistic (modified
                   from Pierce et al., 2002).
 Cover pages photographers: Front - courting Junonia orithya - Moshe Laudon  2EOLJDWRU\   where ‘immatures are invariably associated with ants during at least some portion of the life-cycle and are dependent on
 Rear - Danaus chrysippus in cop - male f. pallidus (top) & f. chryippus female - Nitzan Cohen   ants for survival under field conditions. These include both mutualistic and parasitic species’ (Pierce et al., 2002). In the Levant, this is

                   known in the larvae of three Apharitis spp.: A. acamas, A. cilissa and A. myrmecophila that must complete larval growth inside nests of e.g.
 9LVLW RXU ZHEVLWHV  ZZZ EXWWHUÁ\JDUGHQLQJ FR LO  Crematogaster spp. Ants feed the larvae with their regurgitated material in an act of trophallaxis.
 https://agudatparpar.wixsite.com/aguda (Israeli Lepidopterist’s Society, in Hebrew)  3DUDVLWLF   where ‘larvae ... prey on ant's grubs’ inside ant nests (Fiedler, 1991). In the Levant, known partially only in larvae of Apharitis
                   acamas within nests of Crematogaster spp. and possibly other ant genera (see Vols. I & IV for detailed explanations).

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                                                                                                  © Tony Pitteway
                                                                                                  ©T on y Pitt e w a y

 2Butterflies of the Levant danaidae satyridae.indd   2  12/30/2021   4:20:06 PM  2Butterflies of the Levant danaidae satyridae.indd   15  12/30/2021   4:20:17 PM
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