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highlighted a neglected complication; the type specimen forms). However to our surprise and just before Vol III went 21603-BRACHA-PARPAR - 21603-BRACHA-PARPAR | 2 - A | 22-01-02 | 12:34:17 | SR:-- | Cyan
of alcippoides (Moore, 1883) is also orientis (Aurivillius to print a fresh f. dorippus female appeared on 25 Nov. 2
1909)! The year 2016 was the best ever recorded for 2021, after the first heavy rains of winter 2021/22 near
Levant’s orientis; On 25 March 2016 in the garden of Dan Sharon’s butterfly nursary (Mashtelat Haparparim)
Hilton Marsa Alam Nubian Resort on the western coast of near Merkaz Meirav on hwy 4, 7 km N Fureidis and 8.5 km
the Red Sea; seven eggs were found by DB on C. acutum. NNE of Ma’ayan Tzvi fishing park were summer 2020’s
All were bred successfully to five females and two males dorippus population flourished.
that emerged between 21-22.4.2016. One female (14.3%)
was the first recorded Egyptian orientis. The other typical - f. transiens (Suffet 1900) as an ab. of Danaus dorippus
Red Sea Egyptian females were crossed with males from with additional three white spots at the tip of the FW
Binyamina-Burj C Israel; their 20 males and 22 females underside, was described from “Deutsch-Ostafrica bis
offspring hatched in May-June (last one 16.6.2016) two Arabien”. Smith (2014: 169, Tab. 3.6) treats it as
specimens – 4.7% (a male and a female) were orientis. 12 “heterozygous phenotype” and marked its distribution in
larvae that were found by DB in the end of March 2016 on the Hybrid zone (Fig. 2.34) at Kenya, Tanzania, Ethiopia,
Calotropis procera in Faza’el N Jerico Lower Jordan Valley S Eritrea, Djibouti, Yemen and Dhofar. While breeding
(possibly laid by migrants from the south) were bred to F1 Israeli dorippus in summer 2020 DB got also transiens
that continued to F2 and by 21 May 2016 emerged about and semi-transiens among its offspring, blurring the limits
160 F2 offspring, four of them (2.5%) were orientis. On of these two ab.-form/semispecies (illustr. 3). A female D.
9 August 2016 in C. acutum field near Alexander River, c. f. transiens collected in the late 1980’s at the Hula
HaSharon park C Israel two orientis were found among 22 Lake by Movshovitz brings up to three all the records of
adults (9.1%). The other 20 f. chrysippus were taken for dorippus / transiens in the 20’s century in the Levant
breeding. Their offspring started to hatch on 31 August (Benyamini 2015c: 86, 87 & Fig. 2 – j, k).
2016 and until 4 Sept. 39 adults emerged, seven of which
(17.9%) were orientis the highest proportion ever recorded - f. klugii (Butler 1886) described as Limnas klugii n. sp.
in the Levant. from Somalia “South of Berbera” is a brown dorippus;
being a natural hybrid of f. dorippus and f. chrysippus. Its
- f. dorippus (Klug 1845) that dominates north E Africa/ status and distribution in the hybrid zone as described by
the horn of Africa extends eastwards across S Red Sea Bab Smith (2014: 169, Tab. 3.6 and Fig. 2.34) are identical to
al-Mandab straight to S Arabian Yemen, Dhofar (13.6 % of f. transiens – see above. It appeared in C Levant together
the population) becoming rare in N Oman & Musandam with f. dorippus in August – September 2020 when a
(3.7%) and W UAE (Al Ain) (Feulner et al., 2021, Hitchings, wild worn dorippus-klugii female was taken by DB on 15
2021 & Verovnik pers. comm.) – see Fig. 1. It has never august 2020 for breeding and specimens of f. klugii that
been reported from Western Arabia (Pittaway, 1985 & pers. appeared among its offspring proved that it mated with
comm.). Hayward (1922, 1923) did not record it during chrysippus (illustr.7).
his stay between 1919 and 1922 in Aswan, Upper Egypt.
Only one specimen ever recorded in S Egypt in March-April
1928 by the Egyptian coleopterist Anastase Alfieri in Gebel
Elba, SE Egypt and has not been recorded there again by
Hassan & Fadl (2000) nor in later publications by Gilbert
& Zalat (2007) or Larsen (1990). It is extremely rare in
the Levant with one record in the 19th century from Beirut
by Lederer (1858); accepted as questionable by Ellison &
Wiltshire, (1938) and Larsen (1974) as possible but very
rare while Zorkot (2016) totally ignored it. During the whole
20th century it was recorded only three times in Israel: Fig 1 – West – east decline in adundance of f. dorippus among 513 total chrysippus records by: Bertram
Thomas (1930), Harrison Institute (1975-1977 Oman-Dhofar Flora & Fauna Surveys), Larsen (1975-
The author collected the first single male on the banks of 1980) and Hitchings (1993-1997), (Hitchings, 2022 in prep.)
Kishon River, Haifa on 11 Oct. 1969 (illustr. 3), Movshovitz
photographed a male at Yesud HaMa’ala, S Hula Lake,
upper Jordan Valley on 30 Oct. 1986 and collected a
male there in the late 1980’s, now in coll. Steinhardt N.H. © Ofir Tomer
Museum, Tel Aviv. Thirty three years elapsed until the
next Levantine record; a single male collected by Danny
Sharon on 31 May 2019 at Giv’at Ada, Binyamina, C Israel.
It possibly remained criptic somewhere in C Levant until Table 2 - H[LVWLQJ ´IRUPVµ LQ ORFDO SRSXODWLRQV
14 August 2020 when several specimens were found in *1 - ab. candidata Hayward, 1923 from Aswan is not included *2 - Aswan, Hayward, 1923
the fishing park of Ma’ayan Zvi, S.L., about 500 m from the *3 - Gebel Elba S. Egypt (Wiltshire, 1948) *4 - one record - Wadi Tlach 1400m S Sinai 28.5.1974
(Benyamini, 1984) *5 - one record - Wadi Rum (Banyamini, 2015c) *6 - Wadi Dana 455m,
Mediterranean coast at 32°34’59’’N : 34°55’06’’E. This Edom, Jordan 17/04/1998 (Banyamini, 2002a) *7- Ellison & Wiltshire, 1939 *8 - Lederer, 1858

local dorippus/transiens/klugii population that did not form chrysippus aegyptius orientis pallidus griseus alcippus alcippoides albinus semi-albinus dorippus transiens klugii n
expand beyond Ma’agan Michael – Ma’ayan Zvi artificial country y
Kenya 12 1 2 3 3 12 15 6 13 67
large fish pools, existed for two months until 24 Oct. 18% 1% 3% 4% 4% 18% 22% 9% 19%
Djibouti 6 6
2020 (last photograph in the wild). It did not survive the 100%
Ethiopia 4 2 1 4 7 27
cooling autumn temperatures and its genes disappeared 15% 7% 52% 26%
Israel 1969 *1 8 1 3 5 3 1 21
from E Mediterranean chrysippus gene-pool because Israel-f1 2020 *2 38% 5% 14% 24% 14% 3 3 1 13
1
1
4
not a single specimen survived the 2020/2021 winter Israel-f2 2020 *3 31% 8% 8% 23% 23% 8% 320
2
5
3
87
2
221
1%
69%
1%
and 2021 season started with the chrysippus normal** Table 1 - QXPEHU RI EUHG VSHFLPHQV DQG LQ '%·V ODE 27% 1% 2%
dorippus-free population. (*-with white and dark autumn 1 - Israel JS/RST Oct-Nov/1969 in Coll. DB, not all f. chrysippus collected.
2 - Israel JS/RST Aug-Sep/2020 offspring from one wild-collected female.
3 - Israel JS/RST Sep-Oct/2020 cross of above offspring with local typical f. chrysippus.
32 17
2Butterflies of the Levant danaidae satyridae.indd 32 12/30/2021 4:21:15 PM 2Butterflies of the Levant danaidae satyridae.indd 17 12/30/2021 4:20:19 PM