Page 21 - PARPAR-4
P. 21

2






 Subfamily Danainae  Danaus chrysippus



 A Palaeotropical migrant arriving in the Levant almost
 every spring. Several broods are raised throughout
 the summer and autumn, but  D.  chrysippus is                        Chazara  Moore, 1893
 unable to survive cold winters experienced in the
 #
 north of the region. Elsewhere, in mild winters, the                 About 11 species, Palaearctic.
 adults survive in the warmer biotopes of the rift                 Chazara persephone  2 species in the Levant.
 valley, e.g. the Hula Lake in northern Jordan Valley
 and Neot Smadar in S Negev. However the rising                       +RVWSODQWV  Poaceae.
 winter temperatures enable also mature larvae
 21603-BRACHA-PARPAR - 21603-BRACHA-PARPAR | 2 - A | 22-01-02 | 12:34:17 | SR:-- | Magenta
 21603-BRACHA-PARPAR - 21603-BRACHA-PARPAR | 2 - A | 22-01-02 | 12:34:17 | SR:-- | Yellow
 and sometimes their pupae to survive December –
 #21603-BRACHA-PARPAR - 21603-BRACHA-PARPAR | 2 - A | 22-01-02 | 12:34:17 | SR:-- | Black
 21603-BRACHA-PARPAR - 21603-BRACHA-PARPAR | 2 - A | 22-01-02 | 12:34:17 | SR:-- | Cyan
 January coldest months and to hatch in late February
 (DB, breeding notes, Dan Sharon pers. comm.). In
 years when the winter is mild,  D.  chrysippus may
 establish temporary colonies, as in the 19th century
 near Naples in Italy. In addition to taking nectar, the
 species is known to be attracted to animal droppings,
 urine and even carcases (Larsen, 2005a). The
 adults are polymorphic, a cause of confusion among
 earlier researchers, with some regarding each form                   Hypparchia Fabricius, 1807
 as a distinct species, others opting for ssp. or semi-
 species status. Today we know that these “forms”                     About 35 species, Palaearctic.
 are genetic/climate-related & regulated or appear in             Hipparchia fatua
 the Levant following weather synoptic systems that                   8 species in the Levant.
 carry them from Africa as explained below.                           +RVWSODQWV  Poaceae.
 With its typical warning coloration Danaus chrysippus
 is a model of mimicry to numerous tropical butterfly
 families, but in the Levant only the female of the
 rare Hypolimnas misippus mimics several forms of
 the chrysippus. – see Mimicry paragraph in Vol. I.
 Nine forms/sspp/sespp = f. are reported from the
 Levant:

 - The typical form  f.  chrysippus  (L. 1758) has
 honey-coloured wings and is the dominant form
 in the Levant. Usually regarded as permanent
 but in cold winters may retreat to warm enclaves
 along the Jordan River - Arava Rift Valley or further                Pseudochazara de Lesse, 1951
 southwards. It may overwinter in the Levant as slow              Pseudochazara pelopea
 growing larvae or pupae (less cold resistant) while                  About 33 species, Palaearctic.
 adults, eggs & young larvae perish.                                  6 species in the Levant.

 -    f.  aegyptius* (Schreber 1759) described from                   +RVWSODQWV  Poaceae
 Egypt, is darker with reduced elongated white
 markings on fws - illustr. 1. Compatibly with its
 preference of warm biotopes/periods e.g. its T.L.
 near Damietta in eastern Nile Valley, it usually
 appears in the Levant in the autumn – early winter
 when first rains and rising humidity combine with
 still high temperatures form a temporary tropical-
 like climate.
 *  Smith D. (2014: 174) does not accept its form status and
 “relegated the name aegyptius…to the status of a junior heterotypic
 synonym of chrysippus”. Vane-Wright & John (2019) in a detailed      Satyrus Latreille, 1810.
 & thorough “note on  Papilio aegyptius Schreber, 1759”, further
 substantiate its synonymy with  Danaus chrysippus reminding us       13 species, Palaearctic.
 that Linnaeus himself did it in 1764.                            Satyrus ferula  3 species in the Levant.
 -   f. alcippus (Cramer 1777) with large white patch                 +RVWSODQWV  Poaceae.
 over its hws and its reduced white markings f.
 ©  Samir Hamza  alcippoides (Moore 1883) that are dominant in W
 Africa appear in the autumn populations of Israel
 every year as explained for f.  aegyptius, but in a
 much lower frequencies. f.  alcippus is very rare in


 28                                                                                                            21




 2Butterflies of the Levant danaidae satyridae.indd   28  1/2/2022   12:14:14 PM  2Butterflies of the Levant danaidae satyridae.indd   21  12/30/2021   4:20:33 PM
   16   17   18   19   20   21   22   23   24   25   26