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                   male appeared in Nazari’s (2003: 470-473, Pls. 38/39 -   20 & 21 (Benyamini, 2015c) are changed to griseus. On 2                                                                                                                       21603-BRACHA-PARPAR - 21603-BRACHA-PARPAR | 2 - B | 22-01-02 | 12:34:17 | SR:-- | Cyan
                   7) Butterflies of Iran collected by Bahrami in Hormozgan,   June 2018 a chrysippus female was collected at Alexander         Subfamily 6DW\ULQDH Boisduval, 1833
                   Isin, 250 m in March 1997.  The first Israeli record was a   Rivulet HaShaon, Israel, 10 m, flying in fields of C. acutum.
                   male collected by Itzhak Movshovitz on 6 Sept. 1988 in an   Four of her offspring bred on A. curassavica turned to be
                   elevated opening on the banks of HaTaninim (Crocodile)   f. griseus; paratype (PT) no’ 22 a male hatched on 29 July
                   River near the Roman historic bridge between Jisr az-  2018. Three additional PT23-25 females hatched in the
                   Zarqa village (Arabic for the blue bridge) and Kibbutz   first week of August (all coll. DB).
                   Ma’agan Michael. Three days later he paid a second
                   visit and observed all together about ten “pallidus”   -  DE  candidata Hayward, 1923  (The “Egyptian pallidus                                                                Kirinia  Moore, 1893
                   flying among hundreds typical  chrysippus on both sides   /griseus”): British army, Capt. Kenette J. Hayward served
                   of the bridge, in about 150X150 m large flat open field.   between Sept. 1919 and March 1922 in Aswan, upper                                                                  5 species, Palaearctic.
                   Additional 5 males and two females were collected there   Egypt. His interest in the biology of D. chrysippus resulted                                                     Kirinia roxelana
                   until 3 Oct. 1988 by two more collectors and are included   in breeding over 6000 individuals and ‘examining some                                                             1 species in the Levant.
                   in pallidus type series (Benyamini, 2015c)*. This location   4000 specimens’ - among them he found and described                                                              +RVWSODQWV  Poaceae.
                   at 32°32’55.95”N and 34°54’53.50”E, 4 m asl is only a   two rare aberrants; illustrated short tailed ab.  axantha
                   few hundred meters from the Mediterranean coast near   and two specimens of ab. candidata (not illustr.) (Hayward,
                   the estuary of the river. Nili Shahar (Israel, Kidron) a   1922 & 1923). The frequency of ab, candidata 2:10000
                   professional butterfly breeder of African Queens managed   = 0.02% is within the rarity range of ff. pallidus/griseus.
                   to get ca 20 pallidus out of thousands normal chrysippus   With absence of its fig. in its original description DB
                   she was supplying every week to wedding ceremonies. In   could rely only of its wording: “Abdomen above ash-grey…
                   June 2009 she isolated the pallidus in a separate large   beneath light grey…wings…pale whitish-buff…costal and
                   breeding cage trying to get pure grey homozygotes and   basal areas of the fore wings grey, the epical patches and
                   a permanent greenhouse community for her commercial   margins black marked with white as in  chrysippus (and
                   activities – comparable to the work on the white Monarch   pallidus/griseus DB) the veins light grey”. The word “grey”
                   f. nivosus of Hawaii; but insufficient supply of hostplant   that appear four times and “pale whitish” once resulted                                                          Lasiommata Westwood, 1841
                   stopped her experiment. Six years elapsed and  pallidus   in DB’s suspicion that ab. candidata is actually the first
                   appeared again in HaSharon – Binyamina plains of C.   description of f. pallidus. Finally in 9/2021 when R. Vane-                                                             16 species, Palaearctic & 2 African.
                   Israel. Of special concern were the deserted green houses   Wright sent him the photograph of candidata types and it                                                       Lasiommata maera
                   of Maor village where thousands of fully developed   turned to be a different butterfly where its BUFF color is                                                               2 species in the Levant.
                   cultivated  Gomphocarpus  fruticosus (Apocynaceae ex   indeed identical to its definition in Maerz & Paul (1950)                                                              +RVWSODQWV  Cyperaceae, Poaceae.
                   Asclepiadaceae) attracted the local chrysippus and within   Dictionary of Color in plate 11 fig K7 where it appeared
                   a few weeks produced a local population of thousands   between Honey-sweet / Brass / Inca Gold / Yellow Ocher
                   specimens. Between 18 July and 22 August 2015 DB   and Nugget- Bronze faraway from pallidus/griseus’  grey
                   observed between 3000 to 10000 individuals a day in his   basic tone – illustr. 5.
                   daily visits; mostly inside the central greenhouse where
                   “cyclone” of thousands  chrysippus were flying in ca 10   -   f.  orientis  (Aurivillius 1909) that was described as
                   meters circle around the central powerful lamps.  99.97%   “var. of  Danaida chrysippus” from Comoro Is. Malagasy
                   of the flying queens were the orange – brown chrysippus   Republic” is distinguished by the larger subapical white
                   forms and only 0.03% were pallidus. * However the pallidus   spots in forewing spaces 4 & 5 and a submarginal white
                   proportion in a certain local population can be much   spot in the orange/brown area of fw space 2 (illustr. 6)                                                               Pararge Hübner, [1819]
                   higher and is pending the occurrence  of a homozygous   and is regarded by Smith (2014: 198) as semispecies.
                   female; it happened in the type-locality in Sept. 1988   Aurivillius characterized it as an Indian Ocean islands                                                              3 species, Palaearctic.
                   where eight of the type series were collected within a   race but is now accepted as the dominant form in most                                                                1 species in the Levant.
                   small area (Benyamini, 2015c). It also happened in a DB’s   of southern Africa. Further northwards in E Africa it                                                          Pararge aegeria
                   breeding experiment in late Sept. 2018 when three out   “occurs seasonally in Tanzania...and is very rare in Kenya                                                            +RVWSODQWV  Poaceae.
                   of 40 bred adults from Alexander River, HaSharon Plains   and Uganda (below 1%, Smith 2014: 200 & unpublished
                   (7.5%) were pallidus (two females and one male).    info.)”. But while it is (still) absent in Sudan, Egypt and the
                                                                      Arabian Peninsula it was very rare in the Levant and far out
                   -   f.  pallidus remained “loyal” to its T.L. in HaSharon-  of Smith’s (2014: Fig 1.13) distribution map. DB collected
                   Binyamina plains except two other biotopes: a. On 30 Oct.   the first orientis (female) in Bat Galim, Haifa, Israel on 27
                   2010 in Ein Afeq, N Israel a few pallidus were observed   Oct. 1960 and a female ex larva on Cynanchum acutum
                   and additional one the following year (A. Oz pers. comms.).   from the banks of the Kishon River, Haifa hatched on 20
                   b. One worn male was photographed on 10 July 2020   Oct. 1969. The first specimen (male) to Jordan; bred from
                   near the Yarkon River sources, Rosh-Ha’ayin, E Tel Aviv   a larva found on Gomphocarpus sinaicus in Wadi Rum and
                   (Meyuhas & Laudon, 2020).                          hatched on 22 May 1998 – illustr. 6 (Benyamini 2015c
                                                                      : 94) Stav Talal photographed a rare male alcippus with                                                                    Coenonympha Hübner, [1819]
                   -  New f.  griseus Benyamini, 2021. Over 50% of the   the typical orientis white spot in Ein Afek reserve, N Israel
                   pallidus types (Benyamini, 2015) were not pale – white   on 8 August 2008 - illustr. Dick Vane-Wright opined on                                                               About 40 species, Holarctic.
                   and the colour of their upper surface of all four wings   this: “Great photograph! I would have little hesitation in                                                          3 species in the Levant.
                   was grey. This is a mirror image of f.  chrysippus honey   calling your Israeli specimen f. ‘alcippoides’. Compare                                                         Coenonympha pamphilus
                   coloured  to f.  aegyptius whole deep-brown colour. The   with Moore’s original figure (the type locality is “Nepal”                                                          +RVWSODQWV  Cyperaceae, Iridaceae, Poaceae.
                   Holotype is from Maor Village, Hasharon 30 m, 1 Aug.   and he described it as a new species): Your specimen has
                   2015 – ex  pallidus paratype no’ 13 and the Allotype is   less white on hw -- but that is the norm for what is usually
                   also from Maor Village 27 July 2015 – ex pallidus paratype   called ‘alcippoides’. Note the ‘orientis spot’ in both -- and
                   no’ 11–  illustr. 7.  Names of pratypes Nos 12, 16, 17, 19,   the rather broad forewing white preapical band”. Dick


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           2Butterflies of the Levant danaidae satyridae.indd   30                                             12/30/2021   4:21:03 PM  2Butterflies of the Levant danaidae satyridae.indd   19                                    12/30/2021   4:20:26 PM
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