Page 37 - PARPAR-4
P. 37

3






 Kirinia roxelana (Cramer, 1777)                           Lattice Brown



 A local species of the Levant’s Mediterranean regions,
 principally inhabiting woodland areas, but in Cyprus
 has also adapted to diverse habitats including (possibly
 extensively managed) orchards and olive groves. The
 #
 skipping flight is typically satyrid, but most characteristic
 of the species is its habit of weaving between branches
 of bushes or small trees, before alighting on trunks and
 branches, or on rocks, soil and leaf litter, and immediately
 closing wings. Adults rarely feed on flowers, but in Cyprus                          DGXOW
                                      7
                                   6
                                5
                                          8
                            4
                                             9
                                                 0
                                                1
 21603-BRACHA-PARPAR - 21603-BRACHA-PARPAR | 3 - A | 22-01-02 | 12:34:17 | SR:-- | Magenta
                               HJJ  1    2    3    4    5    6    7    8    9   10  11  12
 21603-BRACHA-PARPAR - 21603-BRACHA-PARPAR | 3 - A | 22-01-02 | 12:34:17 | SR:-- | Yellow
 roxelana has been seen group nectaring on Echinops sp.                 lar v a  © Dubi Benyamini  © Dubi Benyamini  © Dubi Benyamini
 #21603-BRACHA-PARPAR - 21603-BRACHA-PARPAR | 3 - A | 22-01-02 | 12:34:17 | SR:-- | Black
 21603-BRACHA-PARPAR - 21603-BRACHA-PARPAR | 3 - A | 22-01-02 | 12:34:17 | SR:-- | Cyan
                  pupa
 (Haines & Haines, 2010: 24), while in Upper Galilee, a
 preference is shown for Cistus creticus. In Cyprus, feeding
 on aphid secretions (Makris 2003: 264), tree sap in the                          DGXOW  1 1 1 1 1  1    2    3    4    5    6    7    8    9   10  11  12
 4
 3
 91
 91
 91
 2
 2
 2
 2
 2
 91
 1
 1
 1
 1
 1
 1
 1
 1
 1
 1
 0
 0
 0
 9
 91
 1
 1
 1
 0
 0
 2
 2
 1
 1
 2
 2
 2
                       HJJ
 Galilee (Shalev Weisman, pers. comm. - illustr. 1)  and at                 lar v a
          pupa
 fermenting liquids or fruit has been documented (John
 & Skule, 2016: 326). An aggregation of males (lekking
 behaviour?) in hollows of pear tree trunks was observed
 in June 2001, near Dafni Village, N Greece (Benyamini,
 2003b – illustr. 2)
                                                                                                      ©  Dubi
                                                                                 © Dubi Benyamini  © Dubi Benyamini
                                                                           Madeira, sea-level 5 june 2011
 %LRORJ\
 )OLJKW SHULRG  April to October, 50 to 1900 m. The first
 males start flying in April or later, depending on location,
 females following about a week later. After mating early,
 females immediately aestivate deep in the shade of
 Mediterranean forests, while males survive on the wing
 into July at 900 m. Jutzeler et al., (2005: 54) noted that in
 Greece males rarely fly after July, whereas Larsen (1974:
 143) reported taking ‘both sexes in early August’. In C
 & S Levant, no males have ever been recorded in late
 summer, at which time post-aestivation females reappear                                          © Dubi Benyamini
 to lay eggs in late August and early September.
 /LIH  KLVWRU\  in the Levant, life history is unlike that in
 Europe, and the univoltine  roxelana  well adapts to the
 xeric environment at its southern limit of distribution.
 Eggs are laid singly or in pairs on dry grasses and on
 the bark of trees, or in small batches of two to five eggs
 (possibly more) within crevices of trees, at a height of up
 to three metres. Eggs are hemispherical, slightly conic,
 0.55-0.7 mm in diameter, smooth and glossy white.
 L1 hatches after 8-12 days, eats the eggshell and is   © Dubi Benyamini
 quiescent until the re-growth of its hostplants following
 rain. On eclosing, it is 1.5-2.5 mm long, dull white with   5HFRUGHG KRVWSODQWV  Poaceae (Gramineae) – Alopecurus,
 seven longitudinal rows of translucent hairs encircled   Anthoxanthum,  Brachypodium,  Briza,  Bromus,  Cynosurus,
 with brown rings at the base, the larval body becoming   Lolium, Melica, Milium, Piptatherum and Poa spp.
 green after first feeding. The head is black, other than the
 tiny upper ‘horns’, lower part of the head and mandibles                                         © Dubi Benyamini
 that are orange. Larvae develop slowly over the winter and   'LVWULEXWLRQ    S Spain, by the cost, 2015
 spring months, attaining 35-40 mm at L5, and marked
 with a prominent dark green dorsal stripe, subdorsal   TL: Istanbul, Izmir (Turkey). E Hungary and former Yugoslavia
 longitudinal light green stripes and yellowish lateral   to S Balkans, Romania, Turkey, Cyprus, Al-Lazzab Reserve
 bands; white setae cover the body. There are two green   Syrian Anti-Lebanon 1059-1135 m (Zarikian & Ghrejyan,
 hairy ‘tails’ and the head has two unique, green, hairy   2018), Lebanon, Israel and Iraq (absent from Jordan and
 upper horny protrusions, each with a dorsal white line.   Sinai). Rare in Lebanon, N Golan and Mt Hermon up to 1600
 The suspended pupa is 20 mm long, green or brown, lined   m, common in Hatay 50–1900 m (Atahan et al., 2018: 98),
 with yellow on the edges of the wing area and a diagonal   common in N Israel 100 – 1150 m, uncommon in Cyprus,
 line over the spiracles, with four abdominal white points.   usually 300-1200 m in the Troodos range and foothills,
 Colour changes to purple-gold before hatching after 11-  but lower (from 90 m) in the Pentadaktylos (EJ pers. obs.).   Chile, Atacama, 14 August 1994, 200 m
 14 days (König, 1938 & 1958; Häuser & Schurian, 1977;   The species reaches its southern limit of distribution in Mt
 Jutzeler et al., 2005; DB breeding notes).   Carmel, Israel (Benyamini, 1990a: 150).            © Francisco M. Otero
 44                                                                                                            37
 2Butterflies of the Levant danaidae satyridae.indd   44  12/30/2021   4:21:53 PM  2Butterflies of the Levant danaidae satyridae.indd   37  12/30/2021   4:21:27 PM
   32   33   34   35   36   37   38   39   40   41   42