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 Maniola telmessia Zeller, 1847       Eastern Meadow Brown                                                                     21603-BRACHA-PARPAR - 21603-BRACHA-PARPAR | 4 - A | 22-01-02 | 12:34:17 | SR:-- | Cyan



 One of the commonest satyrids of the Levant, M. telmessia
 resembles the European  M. jurtina with which it flies
 together in S Turkey. Females aestivate in the summer   4
 months, their reappearance in autumn occasionally
 leading to the belief that the species has several broods:
 “..so on the coast (of Lebanon) at least, there are likely
 to be three broods.” (Larsen, 1974: 138). A single   © Dubi Benyamini  © Dubi Benyamini          © Dubi Benyamini
 observation of ravining-like behaviour was observed  in
 Park Canada C Israel, on 1 April 2008 (Tomer, 2008b).
 Territorial male expelling  V.  cardui out of its territory
 was observed by DB near Belen, Hatay. Fruit nectaring
 is seldom observed. Males eclosing several days before
 the females. After mating, aestivating females hide                          DGXOW  1    2    3    4    5    6    7    8    9   10  11  12
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                       HJJ
 among rocks and bushes in shady places, flying shortly                 lar v a
          pupa
 in morning or late afternoon for short nectaring, but
 reappearing permanently to oviposit from September
 until late October, seldom to early November. Rarely
 single males that aestivated with females reappear
 in the fall and are on alert should their “services”
 be needed; on 27.9.2018 inside the Mediterranean   © Ofir Tomer  © Dubi Benyamini              © Christodoulos Makris
 forest around Mitspe Hila in upper Galilee N Israel in
 a six hours combined monitoring effort; 163 females
 and one “stand by” sap-feeding male were observed
 (Benyamini, 2018c). Similar phenomenon exist in C
 Europe “..Regarding late flying  Maniola (jurtina males)                   © Dubi Benyaminiminini n n n n n n n n ni ni n ni n n n ni n n ni n n n n n n n n n n n n n n ni n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n i i i i i i i i i i i i
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 from warm places in Austria I know the phenomenon and
 it has always surprised me. Maybe a strategy to mate
 with virgin aestivating females?” (Andrea Grill’s reply to
 DB’s question re “stand by males”).
 %LRORJ\
 )OLJKW SHULRG  February (in upper Jordan Valley) to June,
 Israel, from -100 m (bsl) at lower Nahal Amud, NW
 Lake of Galilee (Caspi & Tomer, 2004) to 2000 m at Mt   © Shalev Waismen  © Yuval Evron            © Yuval Evron
 Hermon local peak (Talal, 2009b); April–October SL to
 2000 m in Hatay (Atahan et al., 2018: 95); 1545-1828
 m Al-Lazzab reserve Syrian Anti-Lebanon range (Zarikian
 & Ghrejyan, 2018); May-October SL to middle height in
 Lebanon (Larsen, 1974: 138); March/April–September/
 October from  -230 m to 1050 m, N Jordan (Katbeh-
 n. ab. morag  Benyamini, 2021
 Bader et al., 2003; Larsen & Nakamura, 1983).    Israel, Ma’ale HaHamisha, 800 m, 10.5.1980
 /LIH KLVWRU\  univoltine. Females fly low, settle in open
 places on litter, lower FW among RW and “disappear”,
 or hiding under shrubs and their margins over the soil.
 Egg laying is induced by rain; In Hatay, females that
 were collected and caged from 21.9 until 25.9 along the
 Amanos Mountains laid eggs simultaneously when rain
 started and L1 started to hatch 7-10 days later on 2.10.
 Females that were collected in various places on Mt
 Carmel, N Israel between 27-29.9 started to lay eggs on
 29.9 when rain started. In a cage that was located near
 a western window with direct afternoon sun eggs were   n. ab. ofir  Benyamini, 2021
 laid from 11:50 until 16:30 and first L1 were observed   Israel, Mt Matat, 800 m, 26.5.2009
 five days later. Females prefer to lay in crevices of bark
 of  Quercus spp and other Mediterranean wood like
 Pinus, Pistacia and Ceratonia spp. But also on dry stalks
 of grasses. Fresh egg is cream, turning to yellow a day
 later and 2-3 days later gets reddish-brown spots. It is
 barrel shaped 0.6 mm diam and 0.6-0.7 mm high. The
 upper flat area is composed of an internal circle with   © Dubi Benyamini  © Samir Hamza         © Dubi Benyamini
                                                     © Yuval Evron
                                                                                                   © Dubi Benyamini
 64                                                                                                           49
 2Butterflies of the Levant danaidae satyridae.indd   64  12/30/2021   4:23:00 PM  2Butterflies of the Levant danaidae satyridae.indd   49  12/30/2021   4:22:09 PM
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