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 Maniola jurtina (Linnaeus, 1758)                      Meadow Brown                                                            21603-BRACHA-PARPAR - 21603-BRACHA-PARPAR | 4 - B | 22-01-02 | 12:34:17 | SR:-- | Cyan



 This W Palaearctic genus comprises only four accepted
 species; according to the latest nowadays DNA analysis
 (Eckweiler & Bozano 2011: 14), three of them fly in the
 Levant. Males hatch about a week before the females.
 After mating (the female carries the male  in cop.);
 most of the males perish and the females aestivate
 in shady places during summer months, reappearing
 to oviposit from September until late October. Rare in
 the northern boundaries of the Levant; at Hatay an old
 record from 1975 and again a male near Antakya, 450   © Adam Warecki  © Eddie John                 © Eddie  John
 m in June 2002 (Atahan pers. comm).

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                       HJJ  1    2    3    4    5    6    7    8    9   10  11  12
 %LRORJ\                lar v a
          pupa
 )OLJKW SHULRG  males eclose late May to July, females
 in early June, mate and aestivate in mid-summer to
 resuming flight in September – October. May-June,
 100-800 m in Hatay before aestivation (Atahan et al.,
 2018: 93 & pers. comm. to DB).
 /LIH KLVWRU\  Univoltine. Egg laying is normally induced
 by day length of 10 hours or less in Europe, ~ 12 hours
 or less in the Levant and the beginning of autumn             © Dubi Benyamini                   © Dubi Benyamini
 rains. Average 500 eggs are laid by a single female
 but long lived females that were fed artificially in lab
 by sugar water and lived until February laid 1000
 eggs. Eggs are usually laid singly, but on Mt Pilio
 (Pelion) Thessalia, CW Greece, at the end of October,
 a female was observed flying low (40-50 cm) over
 grasses, dropping eggs every 0.5-1 m (John Coutsis,
 per. comm.) in the manner of  Melanargia titea.
 The barrel-shaped, white egg is 0.6-0.7 mm in both
 diameter and height, developing light brown markings
 before eclosion. The 1 mm long L1 emerges after
 12-30 days, depending on external temperatures,
 eats the eggshell and is quiescent in autumn/winter,
 diapausing until regrowth of fresh grass. Development
 is slow until early summer. Larvae “must” climb up   © Dubi Benyamini
 the hostplant in the evening to start night feeding   © Moshe Laudon                             © Moshe Laudon
 and retreat in the morning to the base of the plant
 for day stay. Breeding  jurtina larvae in lab shallow
 containers where they could not climb up-down the
 hostplant was unsuccessful and most of them died.
 The fully grown larva feeds at night, measures up to
 30 mm in length, and is green, hairy with a mid-dorsal
 dark green narrow line and two lateral white lines. The
 17 mm long, variably coloured pupae, are plain green
 or have dark stripes, and are formed low on grasses,
 up to 20 cm above ground (Andrea Grill measured up
 to 6 cm in her lab in Austria), hatching after 12-30
 days (González Granados et al., 2009: 428; Lafranchis
 et al., 2015: 612; Thomas & Lewington, 2014: 263,   ©  Ali Atahan
 Andrea Grill pers. info. to DB).
 'LVWULEXWLRQ
 &RPPHQVDOLVP  ZLWK  PLWHV   M.  jurtina is one of
 fourteen Satyrines reprorted as associated with   TL: North Africa. Widely distributed from the Canary Islands,
 phoretic mites; it was identified by Asher (1975: 314)       North Africa, Western Europe and S Scandinavia eastwards
 as: ? Balaustium quisquiliarum, Trombidiformes - see   across C & S Europe to W Siberia and from Italy, Balkans,
 Commensalism parag. in Vol I.  Turkey, Caucasus to N Iraq and N Iran. In the Levant, ssp.
 janira (Linnaeus, 1758), TL. “C Europe”: found in Hatay and
 5HFRUGHG KRVWSODQWV  Poaceae (Gramineae) -  Bromus,   NW Syria but is unrecorded from Cyprus, Lebanon, Israel,
 Festuca, Lolium, Poa and other spp. of grasses.  Jordan and Sinai.  © Stav Talal               © Christodoulos Makris


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 2Butterflies of the Levant danaidae satyridae.indd   62  12/30/2021   4:22:54 PM  2Butterflies of the Levant danaidae satyridae.indd   51  12/30/2021   4:22:15 PM
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