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Hyponephele lupinus* (Costa, [1836])  Oriental Meadow Brown  Coenonympha saadi (Kollar, [1849])               Saadi’s Heath



 A medium-sized satyrine, better adapted to southern   of H. lycaon, is green with variable longitudinal white and   C. saadi is a low flying species displaying the typical
 xeric environments than other Levant genera such   dark stripes and suspends at the base of the hostplant,   bouncy flight of the heaths and inhabits grassy patches
 as  Kirinia,  Lasiommata,  Maniola and  Pararge, an   hatching after 10-15 days (González Granados  et al.,   in hot bare areas and rocky slopes, seeking shade
 adaptation that has resulted in its southern distributional   2009: 433; Hesselbarth, 1988; Jutzeler & Lafranchis,   among vegetation only at the warmest time of the
 #
 limit in Israel extending to the N Negev Desert, as far   2005; Lafranchis et al., 2015: 610; first author breeding   day. The species is readily identified by an unusually
 as Nahal Eshtamoa (500 m), Yatir Forest (700-900   notes).  positioned blind ocellus prominent in V2 and a cream
 m, southeastern slopes of Mt Hebron) and Arad City.   post discal band across fore- and hindwings.
 H.  lupinus descends to Ma’ale Adumim, E Jerusalem,   5HFRUGHG KRVWSODQWV  Poaceae (Gramineae). Lafranchis
 Judean Desert (350-400 m), the western upper   (2019) found larvae on  Festuca sp. in Greece.
 21603-BRACHA-PARPAR - 21603-BRACHA-PARPAR | 4 - B | 22-01-02 | 12:34:17 | SR:-- | Magenta
 21603-BRACHA-PARPAR - 21603-BRACHA-PARPAR | 4 - B | 22-01-02 | 12:34:17 | SR:-- | Yellow
 Samarian desert at Rimonim NE Jerusalem (650 m) and   Tshikolovets (2011: 344) added Aegilops geniculata,   %LRORJ\                         DGXOW
 #21603-BRACHA-PARPAR - 21603-BRACHA-PARPAR | 4 - B | 22-01-02 | 12:34:17 | SR:-- | Black
 21603-BRACHA-PARPAR - 21603-BRACHA-PARPAR | 4 - B | 22-01-02 | 12:34:17 | SR:-- | Cyan
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 is at home at over 1000 m in the karstic steppe Irano-  Bromus erectus, Poa annua - illustr., Stipa pennata and                            HJJ  1 1 1 1  1    2    3    4    5    6    7    8    9   10  11  12
                                                                      lar v a
 Turanian region on Mt Hermon. In Cyprus, lupinus can be   S. offneri.   )OLJKW SHULRG  late May to July (below 2000 m); July to            pupa
 common near sl (EJ, pers. obs.) and, as in other areas,   HDUO\ $XJXVW DW KLJKHU HOHYDWLRQV  %D\WDû
 occasionally shares the same biotopes as Maniola spp.,   &RQVHUYDWLRQ  although grazing is monitored (and
 with which there is much morphological and behavioural   restricted to three months a year) within planted forests   /LIH KLVWRU\  univoltine, but possibly bivoltine in ssp.
 similarity. On two occasions in June 1974, males were   at its southern distributional limit in Israel, the satyrines   mesopotamica. Hesselbarth (1983a) reported on
 observed on an Anti-Lebanon mountaintop at 2814 m,   are in permanent decline, retreating northwards to the S   the rearing of larvae collected from four females in
 suggesting these were hilltopping specimens. In August   West Bank (Abusarhan et al., 2016 and recently received   mid-July 1982 in Gürün, Sivas, CN Turkey. Eggs are
 2014, above Newe Ativ (1150 m) on the western slopes   conservation status Endangered (EN) in the Israeli   greenish-white, with 24 uneven whitish ribs (counted
 of Mt Hermon, patrolling males were observed flying over   Butterflies Red list (Renan et al., 2022 (in prep.)).  in mid-section), barrel-shaped with a flat bottom and
 a field of Eryngium glomeratum (Apiaceae), an excellent   top, with the micropyle area slightly elevated as in
 nectar source; they were seen to be courting females   other Turkish Coenonympha spp. Brown spots cover   C. s.mesopotamica Heyne, 1894
 that were flying low over the ground, often settling to   'LVWULEXWLRQ  its surface before eclosion. L1 hatched after 6-7
 take nectar (DB, pers. obs.).   days and accepted  Poa annua, possibly eating the
 TL: “Bosco di Guagnano nelle foreste di Terra d’ Otranto”,   eggshell before doing so. The mature larva is 20-21
     DB prefers to use lupinus rather than lupina, reflecting the   [Puglia, Naples, S Italy]. The species’ distribution   mm long, chunky, light green with longitudinal mid-
 original description, Satyrus lupinus.  ranges from N Africa and S Europe across Turkey, N   dorsal and two subdorsal darker green lines. The
 Iraq, W & N Iran, Kazakhstan, Asia and the Himalayas   lower lateral band is yellowish as are the spots around   © Dubi Benyamini
 to NW Mongolia, Lake Baikal and S Siberia (Eckweiler &   the spiracles. The head is green and the tail ends in
 %LRORJ\  Bozano, 2011: 50; Tuzov et al., 1997(1): 219).   a short fork. The yellowish-green, 7-8 mm long pupa
 ,Q WKH DUHD RI WKH /HYDQW  Hatay, S Turkey, Cyprus, Syria,   is suspended from a grass blade and has two oblique
 )OLJKW  SHULRG  April/May into October, depending on   Lebanon, Golan Heights, Jordan (N Mediterranean zone)   brown streaks on the wing case (Hesselbarth et al.,
 location; June-September in Hatay, 800-2000 m Atahan   and Israel. Absent from the S Jordanian Edom Mountains   1995(2): 817, fig 10), emerging after two weeks.
 et al., 2018: 90); June-August in Lebanon, 1000 m and   (too arid) and Sinai.   Overwinters in the L2-L3 larval stages.
 above (Larsen, 1974: 139); 1545-2029 m at Al-Lazzab
 reserve Syrian Anti-Lebanon (Zarikian & Ghrejyan, 2018);   7KUHH  VXEVSHFLHV  KDYH  EHHQ  OLVWHG  IURP  WKH  /HYDQW    5HFRUGHG  KRVWSODQWV   Poaceae (Gramineae) –  Poa   © Leah Benyamini  © Leah Benyamini
 May-September, 100-1200 m in Israel (Benyamini,   Hyponephele lupinus  intermedia (Staudinger, 1886);   annua (in lab.) and possibly other grasses in the wild.
 1990: 146); May-September, 500-1100 in N Jordan   TL: “Samarkand, Margelan” [E Uzbekistan] (lectotype
 (Larsen& Nakamura, 1983; Ketbeh-Bader et al., 2003);   designated by Wagener, in Hesselbarth  et al., 1995,
 April-October, sl-1950 m in Cyprus (Makris, 2003: 287).   from Amasia, S Turkey).  H. l.  centralis (Riley, 1921);   'LVWULEXWLRQ
 Both sexes partially aestivate in the summer months,   TL: Iraq, Iran-Syria, Lebanon, Israel and Jordan.  H.  l.
 emerging in the autumn to feed and oviposit.     cypriaca (Riley, 1921); TL: Nicosia, Cyprus. H. l. cypriaca   TL: “Farsistan” (Shiraz, South Iran). Distributed from
 is tentatively included here as an endemic ssp. to   SE Turkey, Armenia, through Iraq, central and northern
 /LIH KLVWRU\  univoltine. Ovipositing takes place in mid-  Cyprus, but doubt remains over its ssp. status. Olivier   Iran to Transcaucasia.  C. saadi  reaches its western
 September/early October. Eggs are laid on dry, small low-  (1993: 178) stated, ‘Material from Kípros shows a   distribution limit on the outer fringes of the Levant in
 growing plants, even under small stones in bare areas.   high proportion of dark specimens…, but there is much   Kilis Province, Turkey where it was observed 10 km   © Leah Benyamini  © Leah Benyamini
 White when laid, the eggs are slightly conical, flattened   overlap with material from several Turkish populations…’   east of Hatay, near Akbez and near the road to Kilis
 at the top and have 18-21 ridges. Colour changes to   Olivier further expressed the view that all populations   City, its entrance point to NE Levant (Bozano, 2002: 55;
 pink before eclosion. L1 hatches after 10-14 days and   from the broader region, ‘…should be lumped under   Hesselbarth et al., 1995(2):  802); Zarikian, 2016; Ali
 eats part of the eggshell. L1 is yellowish, 2 mm long with   nominotypical H. lupina.’ However, as with other Cyprus   Atahan, pers. comm.). Absent from Cyprus, N Syria(?),
 seven longitudinal reddish-brown stripes and six rows of   satyrines, isolation may eventually lead to speciation.   Lebanon, Israel, Jordan and the Sinai Peninsula. The
 long white hairs arising out of tiny black projections. The   local ssp. is C. saadi mesopotamica Heyne, 1894 TL
 light brown head is wider than the abdomen, its upper   “Mesopotamien [Mardin]” (SE Turkey).
 area having many dark points. Overwinters in the larval   H. l. cypriaca
 stage, feeding slowly on warmer days in temperate areas
 where regrowth of grasses occurs in autumn, and in
 others, resuming feeding upon availability of hostplants
 the following spring. The mature larva is 28-32 mm
 in length, with a green dorsal stripe and white lateral
 stripes. The head is green with two oblique dark brown
 stripes, bordered with bold white margins. The ‘tails’ of
 the abdomen are pinkish and longer than those of  H.
 lycaon. The 16 mm long pupa is slightly longer than that   © Eddie John  © Dubi Benyamini        © Leah Benyamini
 58                                                                                                           55
 2Butterflies of the Levant danaidae satyridae.indd   58  12/30/2021   4:22:44 PM  2Butterflies of the Levant danaidae satyridae.indd   55  12/30/2021   4:22:33 PM
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