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Coenonympha pamphilus (Linnaeus, 1758)      Small Heath



 One of the smallest of the Levant satyrines, this local
 species flies in a variety of grassy habitats from sl
 to above 2000 m. Awaiting females, males patrol or
 defend their territories for many days. On approaching          © Dubi Benyamini                 © Dubi Benyamini
 #
 the female, a courting male vibrates wings, contacting
 the head and antennae of the female with his
 forewings, so releasing pheromones in a bid to mate.
 The female carries the male in cop. Flight is weak
 and erratic, usually very low over grass. In Lebanon,
 21603-BRACHA-PARPAR - 21603-BRACHA-PARPAR | 4 - B | 22-01-02 | 12:34:17 | SR:-- | Magenta
 21603-BRACHA-PARPAR - 21603-BRACHA-PARPAR | 4 - B | 22-01-02 | 12:34:17 | SR:-- | Yellow
 #21603-BRACHA-PARPAR - 21603-BRACHA-PARPAR | 4 - B | 22-01-02 | 12:34:17 | SR:-- | Black
 21603-BRACHA-PARPAR - 21603-BRACHA-PARPAR | 4 - B | 22-01-02 | 12:34:17 | SR:-- | Cyan
 Larsen (1974: 140) reported communal night roosting                          DGXOW                         DGXOW
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 in company with several lycaenid spp. and Melitaea                         HJJ  1    2    3    4    5    6    7    8    9   10  11  12                        HJJ  1    2    3    4    5    6    7    8    9   10  11  12
               lar v a
                       lar v a
 cinxia.            pupa           pupa
                                                                                              © Jose Gonzalez Granados
 %LRORJ\
 )OLJKW SHULRG  late April to October (or later in some
 areas); Scarce in the Amanos Mts, Hatay, S Turkey
 from 300-1100 m in May (Atahan  et al., 2018: 97);   C. p. neolyllus de Lattin 1950
 late April/early May in Lebanon (Larsen, 1974:
 140); “Throughout the summer, populations are at
 their highest during the first half of the year”, at the
 Aammiq area, 863 m, SE Lebanon (Beale & Sprenger,
 2006: 6).                                                              © Jose Gonzalez Granados  © Dubi Benyamini
    © Dubi Benyamini
 /LIH  KLVWRU\  univoltine to polyvoltine, depending on
 elevation. The cream, flat-topped, 32 ribbed eggs
 are laid singly on dry or fresh blades of grass. Before
 hatching (after 7-14 days) the eggshell develops
 brown spots and becomes transparent; the emerging
 larva initially feeds on the eggshell then feeds   H. l. intermedia (Staudinger, 1886)
 inconspicuously, low on the hostplant. L1 is 2 mm   © Adam Warecki  © Leah Benyamini
 long, light beige with light brown lines. The mature
 larva is 16-18 mm long, light green with darker green
 and white lines along the body; the head is green
 and the tail ends in a fork. Suspended from a grass                        © Dubi Benyamini      © Dubi Benyamini
 stem, the ca. 10 mm long pupa is uniformly light
 green or has black streaking, and hatches after 8-26
 days, subject to external temperatures. Overwinters
 in the larval stage (Hesselbarth et al., 1995(2): 805;
 González Granados et al., 2009: 424-425, Lafranchis   ©   Eddie John  ©  Eddie John
 et al., 2015: 594, Thomas & Lewington, 2014: 270;
 Warecki, 2010: 133).
 5HFRUGHG  KRVWSODQWV  Poaceae –  Anthoxanthum,
 Bromus, Cynosurus,  Festuca,  Melica,  Nardus & Poa
 spp.
                                                                                                  © Dubi Benyamini
 'LVWULEXWLRQ
 TL: Sweden. Common and widely distributed
 throughout Europe, most of Turkey and into the
 Middle East, but its presence in the Levant is patchy;   H. l. cypriaca (Riley, 1921)
 In Lebanon, Larsen (1974) described  pamphilus
 as ‘common, but slightly localised from 1000 m
 upwards…’, lending support to its likely presence in
 Syria; Reaches its southernmost distribution limit in
 Aammiq Marsh (863 m), Beqaa Valley, SE Lebanon
 (Beale & Sprenger, 2006: 6); Absent from Cyprus,
 Hermon, Israel, Jordan and Sinai. Ssp. Coenonympha
 pamphilus neolyllus GH /DWWLQ       7/  6DVRQ 'DøODUL
 (Turkey) has been described from the Levant.
 © Ali Atahan                                    © Dubi Benyamini                                 © Dubi Benyamini
 54                                                                                                           59
 2Butterflies of the Levant danaidae satyridae.indd   54  12/30/2021   4:22:32 PM  2Butterflies of the Levant danaidae satyridae.indd   59  12/30/2021   4:22:50 PM
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